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Sexes: Difference between revisions
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''"Sex" redirects here. For other uses, see [[intimacy]] (regarding sex acts), or [[romantic and sexual orientations]] (regarding sexuality).'' | |||
{{Content warning|discrimination, and educational talk about genitals}} | |||
'''Sexes''' are a system of categories, a way of putting kinds of bodies into categories. Living things of many species evolved to be specialized into their own male, female, and [[intersex]] kinds, each known as a sex. A sex is generally determined by reproductive body parts. In humans, these imply-- but do not prove-- a correlation with chromosomes. In gender studies, the sex and [[gender]] of a person are thought of as two distinct things: sex is about the body, whereas gender is about the self. What most people mean when they talk about someone's sex is their assigned gender at birth. | |||
==Distinction between sex and gender== | |||
The distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person's biological sex (the anatomy of an individual's reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from that person's gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity).<ref name="Virginia">Prince, Virginia. 2005. "Sex vs. Gender." ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 8(4).</ref><ref name="Carlson">Neil R., Carlson. Psychology: The science of behavior. Fourth Canadian edition. isbn 978-1-57344-199-5. Pearson, 2010. P. 140–141</ref> In this model, the idea of a "biological gender" is an oxymoron: the biological aspects are not gender-related, and the gender-related aspects are not biological. In some circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be [[transgender]].<ref name="Virginia"/> In other cases, an individual may have biological sex characteristics that complicate sex assignment, and the person may be intersex. | |||
The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary English, ''sex'' and ''gender'' are often used interchangeably.<ref name=udry>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2061790 |first1=J. Richard |last1=Udry |date=November 1994 |title=The Nature of Gender |journal=Demography |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=561–573 |pmid=7890091 |url=https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf |jstor=2061790 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20161211012757/https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf |archivedate=2016-12-11 |df= }}</ref><ref name="haig">{{cite journal|first1=David |last1=Haig |authorlink1=David Haig (biologist) |date=April 2004 |title=The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |pmid=15146141 |doi=10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d |url=http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/04inexorablerise.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525090802/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/Publications_files/04InexorableRise.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= |citeseerx=10.1.1.359.9143 }}</ref> Some dictionaries and academic disciplines give them different definitions while others do not. Some languages, such as German or Finnish, have no separate words for sex and gender, and the distinction has to be made through context. On occasion, using the English word ''gender'' is appropriate.<ref name="Bograd-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Bograd |first1=Michele |last2=Weingarten |first2=Kaethe |title=Reflections on Feminist Family Therapy Training |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHlsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |accessdate=11 February 2018 |series=EBL-Schweitzer |date=28 January 2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-317-72776-7 |page=69 |oclc=906056635 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508090147/https://books.google.com/books?id=JHlsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |archivedate=8 May 2018 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.finland.fi/gender/ngo/peruskasitteet.htm|title=Peruskäsitteet|access-date=2018-02-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508090148/http://global.finland.fi/gender/ngo/peruskasitteet.htm|archivedate=2018-05-08|df=}} (in Finnish)</ref> | |||
Among scientists, the term ''sex differences'' (as compared to ''gender differences'') is often used for sexually dimorphic traits that are thought to be evolved results of sexual selection.<ref name="Mealey, L. 2000">Mealey, L. (2000). Sex differences. NY: Academic Press.</ref><ref name="Geary, D. C. 2009">Geary, D. C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association</ref> | |||
==Biological essentialism== | |||
The form of sexism called biological essentialism is the belief that your body is the main thing that makes you who you are. It is supposed to define you forever, no matter what you change about yourself, think about yourself, or anything. It says the gender you were assigned at birth must be your only real gender. Biological essentialism is used to justify most forms of sexism. It is harmful to virtually everyone, of any sex or gender.<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite web |title=How Gender Essentialism Hurts Us All |last=Weiss |first=Suzannah |work=Bustle |date=13 March 2017 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.bustle.com/p/7-ways-gender-essentialism-hurts-everyone-43897}}</ref> Some [[transgender exclusionists]] use biological essentialism to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people. | |||
==Assigned gender at birth== | |||
[[File:Phall-O-meter', Intersex Society of North Wellcome L0031936.jpg|thumb|200px|The "Phall-O-Meter" is a satirical measure that critiques the medical standard of assigning sex at birth solely based on the size of a newborn's phallus.]] | |||
When people speak of a person's "sex", usually what they really mean is their assigned gender at birth. This is because a person's sex is much more difficult to determine than most people believe. For example, chromosomes are part of defining someone's sex, but most people never get their chromosomes tested. A baby's assigned gender at birth is based on only one thing: the presence or absence of what a doctor thinks is probably a penis. This will be the only basis of that child's [[legal gender]]. As the person grows up, the doctor's guess about their sex can turn out to be wrong, because some intersex conditions only become clear once a person has gone through puberty. Even then, the person might have unusual chromosomes or internal reproductive organs without ever knowing about it. | |||
"Sex identity" can mean either how a person categorizes their own physical sex,<ref>"LGBTQI Terminology." [http://www.lgbt.ucla.edu/documents/LGBTTerminology.pdf] {{dead link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=LGBT resources: Definition of terms |url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms |archive-url =}}</ref> or it can mean how other people categorize that person's sex.<ref name="TGQTG">{{cite web| title=Trans, Genderqueer, and Queer Terms Glossary| url= http://lgbt.wisc.edu/documents/Trans_and_queer_glossary.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170210021940/https://lgbt.wisc.edu/documents/Trans_and_queer_glossary.pdf |archive-date = 10 February 2017}}</ref> | |||
Some [[activism|activists]] advocate for society to cease assigning gender at birth. For example, author and lawyer [[wikipedia:Martine Rothblatt|Martine Rothblatt]] wrote: "As we gradually free ourselves from stamping newborn babies as one sex or the other, gender expectations will become self-defining and the full cultural liberation of all people can occur at last."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gender Manifesto: a selection from The Apartheid of Sex |journal=TV/TS Tapestry Journal |date=Spring 1995 |number=71 |page=33 |url=https://archive.org/details/tvtstapestry7119unse/ |publisher= International Foundation for Gender Education}}</ref> In 2020, several MDs published an opinion piece in the New England Journal of Medicine stating that "Sex designations on birth certificates offer no clinical utility, and they can be harmful for intersex and transgender people. Moving such designations below the line of demarcation wouldn't compromise the birth certificate's public health function but could avoid harm."<ref name="ShteylerClarke2020">{{cite journal|last1=Shteyler|first1=Vadim M.|last2=Clarke|first2=Jessica A.|last3=Adashi|first3=Eli Y.|title=Failed Assignments — Rethinking Sex Designations on Birth Certificates|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=25|year=2020|pages=2399–2401|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMp2025974}}</ref> | |||
===Other phrasing=== | |||
People writing about gender use several different phrases to refer to assigned gender at birth. Some of them are more accurate and respectful than others. This list gives some of these phrases. | |||
* '''Assigned Gender At Birth (AGAB)'''. Most people are either '''Assigned Female At Birth (AFAB)''' or '''Assigned Male At Birth (AMAB)'''. This is an accurate and respectful phrase. | |||
* '''Gender Assigned At Birth (GAAB)''' is a different word order for the above phrase, with the same meaning. This makes '''Female Assigned At Birth (FAAB)''', and '''Male Assigned At Birth (MAAB)'''. | |||
* '''Designated Gender At Birth (DGAB)'''. Most people are either '''Designated Female At Birth (DFAB)''' or '''Designated Male At Birth (DMAB)'''. This phrase is used interchangeably with AGAB, with much the same meaning. | |||
* '''Coercively Assigned Gender At Birth (CAGAB)'''. Most people are either '''Coercively Assigned Female At Birth (CAFAB)''' or male ('''CAMAB'''). Unlike AGAB and GAAB, CAGAB emphasizes that the gender was assigned against the person's will, and implies that the person was abused as a child. People disagree about who gets to say their gender was ''coercively'' assigned. Some say only intersex people can call themselves CAGAB, and that the coercion refers to non-consensual practices such as genital surgery given to intersex infants to make their genitals "normal." However, many [[children]] who aren't intersex also have a gender role assigned to them by means of coercion and abuse. For example, some parents put gender non-conforming and transgender children through "conversion therapy" to make the children conform to their assigned gender. | |||
The next list of phrases gives those that aren't as accurate or respectful. Please use one of the above phrases instead of them. | |||
* '''Biological sex''' ('''biological girl''', '''biological boy''') isn't a good phrase for talking about assigned gender or sex. For example, although a typical transgender woman was assigned male at birth, it could offend her to call her a biological male. She's not a non-biological woman or a robot. Because she is a woman, she might not consider herself to have a "male biology". It would be more tactful to describe her as AMAB. Even more tactful, no direct explicit reference to her assigned gender at birth at all, and simply say that she is a trans woman. | |||
* '''Genetic girl''' and '''genetic boy''' aren't good things to call someone, for similar reasons as "biological sex". "Genetic" refers to chromosomes, but doctors usually don't check babies' chromosomes at birth. During pregnancy, some OBGYN practices offer fetal genetic testing and use the sex chromosome result to assign a gender, but chromosomes aren't part of how gender is assigned at birth. Even adults only rarely get to find out what their chromosomes are. Doctors only do that test if they think it might answer questions certain kinds of challenges with health and fertility. Intersex conditions prove that there is no guarantee that a person's assigned gender might match their chromosomes. | |||
* '''Natal sex''' (as in '''natal female''' and '''natal male'''). This means the sex that a person supposedly had when they were born.<ref name="TGQTG" /> Because of the problems in determining a baby's actual sex, a more accurate phrase is "assigned at birth" or one of its variants. | |||
==Dyadic sexes== | |||
'''Dyadic''' means "not intersex." The dyadic sexes are male and female, with no noticable intersex characteristics. Dyadic sexes should not be confused with [[cisgender]] or [[binary gender]]. | |||
There is some controversy around the usage of the term "dyadic."<ref>http://fullfrontalactivism.blogspot.com/2012/09/dyadic.html</ref><ref name="tcaa">{{Cite web |title=I'm sorry if this is bad to ask but why is dyadic a bad term to use? |author= |work=To Cultivate an Ally |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=19 June 2020 |url= https://transriley.tumblr.com/post/101068658963/im-sorry-if-this-is-bad-to-ask-but-why-is-dyadic}}</ref> ''Dyad'' means two, so ''dyadic'' promotes the idea of a dualism for sex: male and female. Although well intended, it may fall short of deconstructing binary of sex and acknowledging the complexity of human biology. Other common terms for "not intersex" are ''perisex''<ref name="Lanquist">{{Cite web |title=Definitions |author=Lanquist, L.A. |work=Trans Narrative |date= |access-date=19 June 2020 |url= https://lalanquist.com/definitions/}}</ref><ref name="themeaningofbi">{{Cite web |title=What tf is perisex |author= |work=Correcting Bisexuality Definitions One at a Time |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=19 June 2020 |url= https://themeaningofbisexuality.tumblr.com/post/147553978486/what-tf-is-perisex}}</ref> and ''endosex''<ref name="ihra_What">{{Cite web |title=What is intersex? |work=Intersex Human Rights Australia |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=19 June 2020 |url= https://ihra.org.au/18106/what-is-intersex/ }}</ref><ref name="anun_Biol">{{Cite web |title=Biological and Anatomical Sex: Endosex, Intersex & Altersex |author=Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez |work= |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=19 June 2020 |url= https://anunnakiray.com/2019/12/12/biological-and-anatomical-sex-endosex-intersex-altersex/ |quote=I prefer to use the word endosex to describe people who were not born intersex. In the past 'dyadic' was used for this same purpose. The very word 'dyadic' implies that only two sex exist which is not accurate if we are to respect intersex existence. }}</ref>, which avoid this binary implication. Other proposed terms, which have not gained much use, include ''intrasex'' and ''juxtasex''.<ref name="tcaa" /> | |||
==Assigned female at birth== | |||
'''Assigned Female At Birth (AFAB)''', also called '''Female Assigned At Birth (FAAB)''', or '''Designated Female At Birth (DFAB)'''. The term '''Coercively Assigned Female At Birth (CAFAB)''' means the same, but with additional nuances. Less accurate or respectful terms for this are '''biological female''', '''genetic girl''', and '''natal female'''. | |||
When a person is born, a doctor will say the baby is female based on this one criteria: the absence of a penis, or rather, or a clitoris smaller than a certain size. The doctor doesn't check the baby for the presence of a vagina, so sometimes the absence of this is missed. Some people with intersex conditions who were AFAB only discover they don't have a vagina once they are older. The doctor also doesn't check the baby's chromosomes to assign a female gender, so a person who was AFAB doesn't necessarily have XX chromosomes. | |||
A person who was AFAB usually but doesn't necessarily consider their sex to be female. Being AFAB doesn't mean that a person necessarily has a female gender identity, which is the main criteria for someone being female. Being AFAB doesn't necessarily mean that someone is a person perceived as a woman (PPW). | |||
Transgender people who were AFAB are usually assumed to be [[transgender men]]. However, some transgender people who were AFAB are nonbinary, not trans men. Transgender people who were AFAB can be said more broadly to be on the [[transmasculine]] spectrum, which can include some AFAB nonbinary people, and AFAB [[butch|butches]]. However, the umbrella term of transmasculine doesn't include transgender people who were AFAB who don't think of themselves as masculine. | |||
A few of the physical characteristics of a person who was AFAB often include: | |||
* A uterus, ovaries, and vagina, unless if they were born without one or another of them (agenesis), or had them removed (hysterectomy, oophorectomy, or vaginectomy, respectively) to treat or prevent disease | |||
* The ability to give birth, unless if sterile, or without some of the anatomy listed above, or past childbearing years | |||
* Breasts (a secondary sexual characteristic), unless if they never developed, or they had them removed (mastectomy) to treat or prevent breast cancer | |||
* Has a hormone balance with estrogen higher than testosterone, and the presence of progesterone | |||
* Chromosomes that are XX (textbook example), XY (androgen insensitivity syndrome/swyer syndrome), XXX (triple X syndrome), XXXX, X (Turner syndrome), or others. People rarely take a test to find out what these are, unless if they think it might explain another physical challenge. | |||
It is possible for an AFAB person to have a body with few of the physical characteristics that are usually used to describe a typical [[cisgender women|cisgender female]] body. | |||
==Assigned male at birth== | |||
'''Assigned Male At Birth (AMAB)''', also called '''Male Assigned At Birth (MAAB)''', or '''Designated Male At Birth (DMAB)'''. The term '''Coercively Assigned Male At Birth (CAMAB)''' means the same, but with additional nuances. Less accurate or respectful terms for this are '''biological male''', '''genetic boy''', and '''natal male'''. | |||
When a person is born, a doctor will say the baby is male based on this one criteria: the presence of a penis or a clitoris over a certain size. The doctor doesn't check the baby for the absence of a vagina, so sometimes the presence of this is missed. Some people with intersex conditions who were AMAB only discover they have a vagina once they are older. The doctor also doesn't check chromosomes, so a person who was AMAB doesn't necessarily have XY chromosomes. | |||
Transgender people who were AMAB are usually assumed to be [[transgender women]]. However, some transgender people who were AMAB are nonbinary, not trans women. Transgender people who were AMAB can be said more broadly to be on the trans feminine spectrum, which can include some AMAB nonbinary people. However, the umbrella term of trans feminine doesn't include transgender people who were AMAB who don't think of themselves as feminine. | |||
A few of the physical characteristics of a person who was AMAB often include: | |||
* No vagina or uterus. However, some people who were AMAB were born with one or another of them (persistent Müllerian duct syndrome). Some only find out they have a uterus if they have scans or surgery on their abdomen for other reasons, or if they menstruate. | |||
* Descended testes and scrotum, although sometimes testes never descend (cryptorchid), or are removed to treat or prevent disease | |||
* Penis or large clitoris. With some intersex conditions, the difference between these can be unclear. | |||
* Chromosomes that are XY (textbook example), XX (de la Chapelle syndrome), XXY (Klinefelter's syndrome), XXYY, or others. | |||
It is possible for a person who was AMAB to have a body with few of the physical characteristics that are usually used to describe a typical [[cisgender men|cisgender male]] body. | |||
==Intersex conditions== | |||
[[File:ILGA conference 2018 Intersex Awareness Day group photo.jpg|thumb|300px|Intersex Awareness Day in Brussels, 2018.]] | |||
''See main article: [[intersex]].'' | |||
Intersex people are people born with any variation in [[sex]] characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that do not fit the typical definitions of male or female bodies.<ref>[https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex"] (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</ref> | |||
Because intersexuality is about the kind of body that someone is born with, not how they identify, intersex is not a gender, and is not the same thing as nonbinary. However, some intersex people can consider their gender identity to simply be "intersex." | |||
An intersex person may have any [[gender identity]]. An intersex person doesn't necessarily identify as intersex, and may instead prefer to be called a man or woman. Or an intersex person may agree with their assigned gender; in this case, they would be described as either [[ipsogender]] or [[cisgender]]. Intersex people may think of themselves as [[cisgender]], [[transgender]], [[genderqueer]], [[nonbinary]], etc. An intersex person who feels that their intersex status has influenced their gender identity may identify as [[intergender]]. Some intersex people think of their intersex status as belonging to the broader range of [[LGBT]] identities. | |||
People who identify as [[nonbinary]] aren't necessarily intersex, and instead may be ''dyadic'' (meaning not intersex). | |||
===Discrimination against intersex people=== | |||
"Dyadism" is a common kind of [[sexism]]. As a concept, dyadism is the incorrect belief that humans are strictly ''dyadic,'' having only two sexes. In action, dyadism is discrimination against intersex people. That discrimination can include erasure, harassment, medical malpractice, lack of marriage rights, religious intolerance, human rights violations, and hate crimes against intersex people. Dyadism is also the basis of other forms of sexism, including [[binarism]], the belief that people have only two genders. | |||
Because of dyadism, doctors think of intersex conditions as an irregularity. As a result, intersex people were given so-called "normalizing" or "corrective" surgeries, often at a very young age, and without their consent. | |||
==Sexes of nonhuman animals== | |||
[[File:ZwitterHauhechelblaeuling.jpg|thumb|A Common Blue (''Polyommatus icarus'') individual that is a gynandromorph, having a female form on one side and male on the other. Gynandromorphs occur in some animal species.]] | |||
One common misconception is that all animals have only male and female sexes. However, nature is much more complex and varied. Many animal species are known to have a variety of intersex conditions, or very different kinds of sexes than occur among humans. For example: male seahorses that get pregnant, fish that change sex if there aren't enough of a particular sex in their group, female deer with antlers, lionesses with manes, lizards that lay fertile eggs after two females mate together (''parthenogenesis''), hyenas that give birth through an organ that is nearly indistinguishable from a penis, and so on. Most animals don't have sex chromosomes that are the same as the XX or XY set that are most common in humans. Learning about the diversity of animal sexes can help one recognize how much the sexes are an idea constructed by humans to describe and simplify reality, but our understanding of that reality tends to be limited by our own sexual stereotypes widespread in our culture. | |||
To learn more about the diversity of animal sexes, read Joan Roughgarden's book, ''Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People'' (2009). | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Intimacy]] | |||
* [[Sexism]] | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:Concepts]] | [[Category:Concepts]] | ||
[[de:bei_der_geburt_zugewiesenes_geschlecht]] | [[de:bei_der_geburt_zugewiesenes_geschlecht]] | ||