Uranian: Difference between revisions
m
Fixed citation ref name error, use -> usage
imported>Armorica Online (Added section on classification, and made some general fixes to article. (It feels like it's almost in a good state now, at least to me!)) |
imported>Armorica Online m (Fixed citation ref name error, use -> usage) |
||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
'''Uranian''', or '''Urning''', is a term used during the 19th and early-20th Centuries referring to gender and sexual identities, originally with ''Mannling'' Uranians generally describing effeminate homosexual men, and ''Weibling'' Uranians describing people who were not [[Sexes|assigned female at birth]] but whose gender identity and expression is female.<ref name="Ulrichs1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=10}}</ref> | '''Uranian''', or '''Urning''', is a term used during the 19th and early-20th Centuries referring to gender and sexual identities, originally with ''Mannling'' Uranians generally describing effeminate homosexual men, and ''Weibling'' Uranians describing people who were not [[Sexes|assigned female at birth]] but whose gender identity and expression is female.<ref name="Ulrichs1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=10}}</ref> | ||
Although the distinction between ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'' Uranians originally existed, by the early-20th century the original sub-classifications of the term were rarely used, and Uranian on its own had broadened into an umbrella term for homosexual men, third gender people,<ref name= | Although the distinction between ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'' Uranians originally existed, by the early-20th century the original sub-classifications of the term were rarely used, and Uranian on its own had broadened into an umbrella term for homosexual men, third gender people,<ref name=Lewis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-3d4PKb3_NkC&newbks=0&redir_esc=y|title=Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Sexual Inversion|last=Ellis|first=Havelock|publisher=F. A. Davis Company|year=1901|location=Philadelphia|pages=227-231|language=en}}</ref> nonbinary people, among others. | ||
In Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' work where he first uses the term ''Urning'' (a German word from which the English "Uranian" is said to have derived), the separate term [[Urningin]] is proposed for homosexual, assigned female at birth people who identify and express themselves in a generally-masculine way.<ref name="Ulrichs2">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=6}}</ref> Urningin was rarely used however, and its meaning was (by the early-20th century) generally considered to fall within the range of meanings of Uranian on its own. | In Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' work where he first uses the term ''Urning'' (a German word from which the English "Uranian" is said to have derived), the separate term [[Urningin]] is proposed for homosexual, assigned female at birth people who identify and express themselves in a generally-masculine way.<ref name="Ulrichs2">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=6}}</ref> Urningin was rarely used however, and its meaning was (by the early-20th century) generally considered to fall within the range of meanings of Uranian on its own. | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
By the 1920s or 1930s, the term Uranian had fallen out of common usage, most likely due to a lack of definition, general impreciseness, and the rise of other terms. | By the 1920s or 1930s, the term Uranian had fallen out of common usage, most likely due to a lack of definition, general impreciseness, and the rise of other terms. | ||
In the modern day, the term Uranian has seen a slight revival in | In the modern day, the term Uranian has seen a slight revival in usage by some members of the LGBT community in explaining sexual identity. It does not seem as though there have been any uses of the term in the sense of gender identity however, not at least since its original decline almost a century ago. | ||
==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
Later in his work, Ulrichs provides supposed specific homosexual preferences to which (according to him) all ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'' Uranians are said to adhere. It must be remembered however, that at the time of Ulrichs' coining of the term "''Urning''", the word "homosexual" did not yet exist, with it first appearing in 1869 within a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82). Because Ulrichs' work predated the term he resorted to using terms at his disposal, which in his case, were terms he himself created, leading to generalizations such as these. Aside from ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'' though, both of which could be used in the sense of gender identity, Ulrichs also defined several more sub-classifications of Uranians purely related to sexuality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=18}}</ref> | Later in his work, Ulrichs provides supposed specific homosexual preferences to which (according to him) all ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'' Uranians are said to adhere. It must be remembered however, that at the time of Ulrichs' coining of the term "''Urning''", the word "homosexual" did not yet exist, with it first appearing in 1869 within a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82). Because Ulrichs' work predated the term he resorted to using terms at his disposal, which in his case, were terms he himself created, leading to generalizations such as these. Aside from ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'' though, both of which could be used in the sense of gender identity, Ulrichs also defined several more sub-classifications of Uranians purely related to sexuality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=18}}</ref> | ||
Some authors such as Havelock Ellis took issue with Ulrichs' terminology, only accepting Uranian as a term to describe third sex people and specific groups of homosexual men.<ref name=" | Some authors such as Havelock Ellis took issue with Ulrichs' terminology, only accepting Uranian as a term to describe third sex people and specific groups of homosexual men.<ref name="Lewis" /> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Society=== | ===Society=== | ||
According to Ellis' interpretation of Ulrichs' works, social conditions leading to the concentration of men (schools, prisons, ships, etc.) lead to the emergence of Uranian "passions". These passions, are (at least more so) accepted by society solely because there is the expectation (through flawed logic) that upon the sight of women, these feelings will disappear. Because of the natural origin by which Uranian feelings exist, those feelings simply being downplayed and combated against in general society, Ulrichs states that societal acceptance of Uranians would do much more societal good than harm.<ref name=" | According to Ellis' interpretation of Ulrichs' works, social conditions leading to the concentration of men (schools, prisons, ships, etc.) lead to the emergence of Uranian "passions". These passions, are (at least more so) accepted by society solely because there is the expectation (through flawed logic) that upon the sight of women, these feelings will disappear. Because of the natural origin by which Uranian feelings exist, those feelings simply being downplayed and combated against in general society, Ulrichs states that societal acceptance of Uranians would do much more societal good than harm.<ref name="Lewis" /> | ||
Although significant work and literature regarding Uranians was done in Germany, laws criminalizing homosexuality (specifically under Paragraph 175 of the German legal code) caused the punishment of significant numbers of people identifying as Uranian throughout the entire time period during which the term was used. German legal author Prof. Ludwig Frey protested against these regulations, writing in his 1898 book ''Die Männer des Rätsels und der Paragraph 175 des Deutschen Reichsstrafgesetzbuches'' ("The Men of Riddles and Paragraph 175 of the German Imperial Criminal Code") that the state should stop punishing Uranians on account of their gender and sexuality:<ref name="Frey">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/DieMaennerDesRaetselsUndDerParagraph175DesDeutschen|title=Die Männer des Rätsels und der Paragraph 175 des Deutschen Reichsstrafgesetzbuches|last=Frey|pages=216|first=Ludwig|publisher=Verlag von Max Spohr|year=1898|location=Leipzig}}</ref> | Although significant work and literature regarding Uranians was done in Germany, laws criminalizing homosexuality (specifically under Paragraph 175 of the German legal code) caused the punishment of significant numbers of people identifying as Uranian throughout the entire time period during which the term was used. German legal author Prof. Ludwig Frey protested against these regulations, writing in his 1898 book ''Die Männer des Rätsels und der Paragraph 175 des Deutschen Reichsstrafgesetzbuches'' ("The Men of Riddles and Paragraph 175 of the German Imperial Criminal Code") that the state should stop punishing Uranians on account of their gender and sexuality:<ref name="Frey">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/DieMaennerDesRaetselsUndDerParagraph175DesDeutschen|title=Die Männer des Rätsels und der Paragraph 175 des Deutschen Reichsstrafgesetzbuches|last=Frey|pages=216|first=Ludwig|publisher=Verlag von Max Spohr|year=1898|location=Leipzig}}</ref> | ||