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{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}} | |||
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}} | {{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}} | ||
{{Template:Gender neutral language}} | {{Template:Gender neutral language}} | ||
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* meiniks bestiks Freundiks | * meiniks bestiks Freundiks | ||
'''-ir | |||
* | |||
* Doktoron | '''Shortened words, -ir and -on <ref>https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter</ref> forms.''' | ||
Shorten and/or add -ir or -on to make nouns gender-neutral. -ir works as a gender-neutral ending as it is a combination of -in and -er. -on can be used as an alternative to -ir when a word ends on the letter r. | |||
<u>Shortened</u> | |||
* Gema (Gemahlin/Gemahl) | |||
* Prin/Kronprin | |||
<u>Shortened/-ir/-on</u> | |||
* Begleitir | |||
* Chirurgir | |||
* Cousir/Cousinir | |||
* Doktir/Doktoron | |||
* Freundir | * Freundir | ||
* | * Gattir (Gattin/Gatte) | ||
* Heiratir | |||
* Könir | |||
* Lehrir/Lehreron | |||
* Partnir | * Partnir | ||
* | * Professir/Professoron | ||
* Schägir/Schwageron | |||
* Trauzeugir | |||
* Verlobtir | |||
* Witwir | |||
'''Shortened | |||
'''Shortened words and nonsense forms <ref>http://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114230553/https://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>''' | |||
Fairly well known -i words: | Fairly well known -i words: | ||
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* Ich will Fotografierflausch werden. | * Ich will Fotografierflausch werden. | ||
* | |||
'''"-person" and "-mensch"''' | |||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Examples | !Examples | ||
|'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren''' eigener Wohnung. Hast du '''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''? | |<small>'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren''' eigener Wohnung. Hast du '''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''?</small> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</small></span> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Mit '''diem''' will ich nichts zu tun haben. '''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Mit '''diem''' will ich nichts zu tun haben. '''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</small></span> | ||
|Suchst du '''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im Urlaub. | |<small>Suchst du '''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im Urlaub.</small> | ||
| | |<small>Same as for "sier". </small> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</small></span> | ||
|'''Hen''' lächelt wie du. Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt? | |<small>'''Hen''' lächelt wie du. Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt?</small> | ||
|'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich mal ein Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht. | |<small>'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich mal ein Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht.</small> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</small></span> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</small></span> | ||
|'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen. | |<small>'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen.</small> | ||
|'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir. | |<small>'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir.</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=== Article pronouns, possessive pronouns === | === Article pronouns, possessive pronouns === | ||
Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or | Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or hierarchically tied to one. Thus, they act as an autonomous, unbreakable syntactic unit. | ||
Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object) | |+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== ''' | === '''Indefinite pronoun''' === | ||
In German, there is the indefinite pronoun "man". This is used in everyday language regardless of gender. But the fact that it sounds exactly like the word "Mann" makes some people uncomfortable. A few decades ago, feminist language critics suggested using alternatives such as "frau" or "mensch". However, the word "frau" only evokes one gender, so it has no real advantage over "man". | |||
From a linguistic history perspective, "man" is an Old High German noun that had the gender-neutral meaning of the word "human" and only later took on the meaning "man" as a noun. | |||
The form "man" is only used in the nominative. In the dative and accusative, the forms "einem" and "einen" are used as indefinite pronouns; there is no genitive form of the indefinite pronoun in German. | |||
"Mensch" and "eins" are suggested alternatives to the subject form of “man”. "einem"/"einen" would stay the same. | |||
=== Titles === | === Titles === | ||
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* Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard | * Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard | ||
=== Family and | === Family, relationship and people terms === | ||
See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki | See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki | ||
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* Großes - standard | * Großes - standard | ||
* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard | * Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard | ||
* Spross/nachkomme, means sprogeny/offspring/descendant | |||
'''Aunt/Uncle''' | '''Aunt/Uncle''' | ||
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* Batter | * Batter | ||
* Cousibling | * Cousibling | ||
* Cousinir | * Cousir/Cousinir | ||
* Seitschwister | * Seitschwister | ||
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* Brüderin, Brüder*in - nonstandard | * Brüderin, Brüder*in - nonstandard | ||
* Geschwister - standard, but not commonly used | * Geschwister - standard, but not commonly used | ||
* Geschwisterchen - standard | * Geschwisterchen - standard but old fashioned and usually used for very young siblings | ||
* Große/Ältere Geschwister - big/older sibling | * Große/Ältere Geschwister - big/older sibling | ||
* Kleine/Jüngere Geschwister - little/younger sibling | * Kleine/Jüngere Geschwister - little/younger sibling | ||
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* Brautpartnir - nonstandard | * Brautpartnir - nonstandard | ||
* Eheperson | * Eheperson | ||
* Ehepartei | * Ehepartei | ||
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*Eheperson | *Eheperson | ||
*Eheherzperson | *Eheherzperson | ||
* | * Freun - nonstandard | ||
* Freundir - nonstandard | * Freunir/Freundir - nonstandard | ||
* Freund*in | * Freund*in | ||
* Gattir - nonstandard, oldfashion, from Gattin/Gatte | * Gattir - nonstandard, oldfashion, from Gattin/Gatte | ||
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* Liebschaft | * Liebschaft | ||
* Paarteil | * Paarteil | ||
* Partner*in | * Partner*in | ||
* Partnir - nonstandard | * Partnir - nonstandard | ||
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'''In-law''' | '''In-law''' | ||
* Schwiegerelter - nonstandard, parent-in-law | * Schwiegerelter - nonstandard, parent-in-law | ||
* Schwiegergeschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | * Schwiegergeschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | ||
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* Schwiegerperson - in-law person | * Schwiegerperson - in-law person | ||
* Schwiegschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | * Schwiegschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | ||
* Schwägir - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | * Schwägir/Schwageron - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | ||
'''Other''' | '''Other''' | ||
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* Brautentourage - nonstandard neutral word for wedding entourage | * Brautentourage - nonstandard neutral word for wedding entourage | ||
* Erwachsene Person - neutral word for adult | * Erwachsene Person - neutral word for adult | ||
* Hauspartnir | * Hauspartnir - nonstandard neutral word for housespouse | ||
* Hauselter - nonstandard neutral word for houseparent | * Hauselter - nonstandard neutral word for houseparent | ||
* Jemensch - non-male-generalizing alternative to jemand | |||
* Jugenlicher/Jungere Person - neutral word for youth/young person | * Jugenlicher/Jungere Person - neutral word for youth/young person | ||
* | * Niemensch - non-male-generalizing alternative to niemand | ||
* Leut - nonstandard singular version of ''Leute'' | |||
* Leut - nonstandard singular version of '' | |||
* Leute - standard word for people | * Leute - standard word for people | ||
* Trauzeugir - nonstandard neutral alternative to ''trauzeugin/brautjungfern'' and ''trauzeuge(n)'' | * Trauzeugir - nonstandard neutral alternative to ''trauzeugin/brautjungfern'' and ''trauzeuge(n)'' | ||
* Verehrte Publikum/Gäste/Leute - neutral alternative to "ladies and gentlemen" | * Verehrte/Liebe Publikum/Gäste/Leute/Menschen - neutral alternative to "ladies and gentlemen" | ||
* Verheirateten - neutral alternative to married couple | * Verheirateten - neutral alternative to married couple | ||
* Witwir - neutral alternative to widowed person/wid | |||
* Älterer person - neutral alternative to old woman and old man | * Älterer person - neutral alternative to old woman and old man | ||
=== Other terms === | |||
* Bürgir/Bürgeron - nonstandard neutral word for citizen | |||
* Chirurgir | |||
* Doktir/Doktoron | |||
* Kollegir | |||
* Könir - nonstandard neutral alternative to queen (königin) and king (könig) | |||
* Könirlich - nonstandard neutral alternative to royal (königlich) | |||
* Mittbewohnir - nonstandard neutral alternative to mittbewhonerin/mittbewohner | |||
* Lehrir/Lehreron | |||
* Prin/Kronprin - nonstandard alternatives for princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Can also be described as "königlicher Nachkomme" (royal descendant), "königlicher Erbe" (royal heir) or "königliche Partner/Partnir/Gema (durch Heirat)" (royal partner/consort, through marriage) | |||
* Professir/Professoron - nonstandard alternatives for professor | |||
* Schülir/Schüleron - nonstandard alternatives for school-student | |||
* Studentir - nonstandard alternative for student | |||
* Thronfolger - neutral word for crownprincess/crownprince | |||
* Regent/Monarch - standard neutral alternatives to queen and king | |||
* Reich/Könirreich - neutral alternatives to kingdom (königreich) | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||