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Gender neutral language in Swedish/en: Difference between revisions
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===Generic pronoun=== | ===Generic pronoun=== | ||
To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is still more associated with male people. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221102131452/https://www4.isof.se/cgi-bin/srfl/visasvar.py?sok=man&svar=78373&log_id=909986] | To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is still more associated with male people. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221102131452/https://www4.isof.se/cgi-bin/srfl/visasvar.py?sok=man&svar=78373&log_id=909986] | ||
"Folk" (people) can in some cases be used as an alternative to using a generic pronoun. | |||
For when it feels awkward to use man/en, alternative phrasing as to avoid using such a pronoun are recommended: | For when it feels awkward to use man/en, alternative phrasing as to avoid using such a pronoun are recommended: | ||
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*'''Telning, ättling, avkomma/avkomling.''' Neutral, would sound weird in conversation. "Telning" is an uncommon word that basically means progeny (or more directly the botanical term "scion" or "shoot"), "ättling" and "avkomma/avkomling" are standard words that mean "descendant" and "offspring" respectively. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child, but not necesserily a young child agewise. | *'''Telning, ättling, avkomma/avkomling.''' Neutral, would sound weird in conversation. "Telning" is an uncommon word that basically means progeny (or more directly the botanical term "scion" or "shoot"), "ättling" and "avkomma/avkomling" are standard words that mean "descendant" and "offspring" respectively. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child, but not necesserily a young child agewise. | ||
*'''Äldsta/förstfödda, mellan-/andra-/trejde-/fjärde-/... födda, yngsta/sistfödda.''' Neutral. Means oldest/first-born, middle-/second-/third-/fourth-/...-born and youngest/last-born. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child in a gender-neutral way but also as to not necesserily specify them being a young child agewise. | *'''Äldsta/förstfödda, mellan-/andra-/trejde-/fjärde-/... födda, yngsta/sistfödda.''' Neutral. Means oldest/first-born, middle-/second-/third-/fourth-/...-born and youngest/last-born. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child in a gender-neutral way but also as to not necesserily specify them being a young child agewise. | ||
'''Kompis.''' Neutral, standard. Means "friend" and can be used to refer to children instead of saying "boys and/or girls". | '''Kompis/vän.''' Neutral, standard. Means "friend" and can be used to refer to children instead of saying "boys and/or girls". | ||
===Grandparents === | ===Grandparents === | ||
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*'''Syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means sibling(s). | *'''Syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means sibling(s). | ||
*'''Tvilling, trilling, fyrling, femling.''' Neutral, standard. Means twin, triplet, quadruplet, quintuplet. | |||
*'''Lillasyskon/mellansyskon/storasyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/middle sibling(s)/big sibling(s). | *'''Lillasyskon/mellansyskon/storasyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/middle sibling(s)/big sibling(s). | ||
*'''Yngre syskon/äldre syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s). | *'''Yngre syskon/äldre syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s). | ||
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*'''Sambo.''' Neutral, standard. Means cohabitation-partner. | *'''Sambo.''' Neutral, standard. Means cohabitation-partner. | ||
*'''Älskling.''' Neutral, standard. Means love. | *'''Älskling.''' Neutral, standard. Means love. | ||
*'''Respektive.''' Neutral. Means respective. | *'''Respektive.''' Neutral. Means respective/significant other. | ||
*'''Hjärtevän.''' Neutral, standard but not frequently used. Means heartfriend and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to "flickvän" (girlfriend) and "pojkvän" (boyfriend). | *'''Hjärtevän.''' Neutral, standard but not frequently used. Means heartfriend and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to "flickvän" (girlfriend) and "pojkvän" (boyfriend). | ||
*'''Brudpartner.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means marrier/spouse-to-be/nearly-wed. | *'''Brudpartner.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means marrier/spouse-to-be/nearly-wed. | ||
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*'''Juridiska kvinnor/män, registrerade kvinnor/män.''' More correct way to refer to the gender of people within statistics that is based off of binary legal/registered gender, both to emphasize that some can be non-binary or intersex, or that someone is trans but hasn't yet legally transitioned. | *'''Juridiska kvinnor/män, registrerade kvinnor/män.''' More correct way to refer to the gender of people within statistics that is based off of binary legal/registered gender, both to emphasize that some can be non-binary or intersex, or that someone is trans but hasn't yet legally transitioned. | ||
*'''Lekperson/Lekfolk.''' Neutral, standard. Means layperson/laypeople and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "lekman/lekmän" (layman/laymen). | *'''Lekperson/Lekfolk.''' Neutral, standard. Means layperson/laypeople and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "lekman/lekmän" (layman/laymen). | ||
*'''Människa.''' Neutral standard. Means human and should be used instead of män and man (men and man). | |||
*'''Ni!/hörrni!/folk!.''' Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys. | *'''Ni!/hörrni!/folk!.''' Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys. | ||
*'''Vuxen.''' Neutral, standard. Means adult. | *'''Vuxen.''' Neutral, standard. Means adult. | ||
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*'''Överordnad, mästare, härskare.''' Neutral alternatives to "herre" (sir/lord/master/mister). | *'''Överordnad, mästare, härskare.''' Neutral alternatives to "herre" (sir/lord/master/mister). | ||
==Other | ==Other terms== | ||
*'''Allesrätt.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for "allemansrätt" ("all-man's-right", only removing "mans", right of public access). | *'''Allesrätt.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for "allemansrätt" ("all-man's-right", only removing "mans", right of public access). | ||
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*'''Besättning/personal/rekrytering, personalbesättning.''' Neutral, standard-nonstandard. Means staff/crew/recuitment and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for bemanning ("manning"). | *'''Besättning/personal/rekrytering, personalbesättning.''' Neutral, standard-nonstandard. Means staff/crew/recuitment and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for bemanning ("manning"). | ||
*'''B’nai mitzva (plural neutral/plural masculine, standard), b'nei mitzva (neutral, “child of God's commandments”, less use), b mitzva (neutral, informal shorthand, less use).''' Gender-neutral alternatives to bat mitzvah and bar mitzvah. | *'''B’nai mitzva (plural neutral/plural masculine, standard), b'nei mitzva (neutral, “child of God's commandments”, less use), b mitzva (neutral, informal shorthand, less use).''' Gender-neutral alternatives to bat mitzvah and bar mitzvah. | ||
*'''Cowhand.''' Neutral English loanword as alternative for cowboy and cowgirl. | |||
*'''Du, hörru, sörru, ni, hörrni, sörruni, folk, vännen, vän(ner), kamrat, älskling (sarcastic), homie, bestie, kiddo, yo, ey, sib, comrade, baby (sarcastic), human, person, fam, chat, peeps, y'all.''' Gender-neutral alternatives for informal/playful words and phrases like bror (bro), mannen (the man), girl(s), gal(s), sis, miss, man, dude(s), lad(s), pal(s), mate(s), bro(s), guy(s)/my guy(s). | *'''Du, hörru, sörru, ni, hörrni, sörruni, folk, vännen, vän(ner), kamrat, älskling (sarcastic), homie, bestie, kiddo, yo, ey, sib, comrade, baby (sarcastic), human, person, fam, chat, peeps, y'all.''' Gender-neutral alternatives for informal/playful words and phrases like bror (bro), mannen (the man), girl(s), gal(s), sis, miss, man, dude(s), lad(s), pal(s), mate(s), bro(s), guy(s)/my guy(s). | ||
*'''Ehm, this is a Wendy's.''' Neutral English loanphrase as alternative phrase that replaces sir and ma'am in "Sir/Ma'am, this is a Wendy's." by removing the gendered honorifics. | |||
*'''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field). | *'''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field). | ||
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*'''Enpersonsjobb.''' Neutral, means one-person's-job and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "enmansjobb" (one-man's-job). | *'''Enpersonsjobb.''' Neutral, means one-person's-job and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "enmansjobb" (one-man's-job). | ||
*'''Enpersonsshow/enpersonsföreställning, tvåpersonsshow/tvåpersonsföreställning.''' Neutral alternative to "enmansshow" and "tvåmansshow". | *'''Enpersonsshow/enpersonsföreställning, tvåpersonsshow/tvåpersonsföreställning.''' Neutral alternative to "enmansshow" and "tvåmansshow". | ||
*'''E-person, e-kid.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternatives for e-girl and e-boy. | |||
*'''Fankid.''' Neutral English loanword as alternative to fanboy or fangirl. | |||
*'''Fosterland, ancestralt land.''' Neutral, standard. Means lative-land and ancestral land, can be used instead of motherland or fatherland. | *'''Fosterland, ancestralt land.''' Neutral, standard. Means lative-land and ancestral land, can be used instead of motherland or fatherland. | ||
*'''Fåägarföretag.''' Neutral alternative to "fåmansföretag". | *'''Fåägarföretag.''' Neutral alternative to "fåmansföretag". | ||
*'''Föreställningsförmåga, artisteri, scennärvaro.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for the loanword showmanship. | |||
*'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | *'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | ||
*'''Föräldraskap/släktskap, barnbärande föräldraskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means parenthood, kinship and childbearing parenthood, they can be used as a gender-neutral alternatives to motherhood and fatherhood. | *'''Föräldraskap/släktskap, barnbärande föräldraskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means parenthood, kinship and childbearing parenthood, they can be used as a gender-neutral alternatives to motherhood and fatherhood. | ||
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* '''Grottbo.''' Neutral word for caveman/cavewoman. | * '''Grottbo.''' Neutral word for caveman/cavewoman. | ||
*'''Gudom/gud.''' Neutral, standard. Means deity/god and can be used as gender-neutral terms instead of separating gud (god) and gudinna (godess). | *'''Gudom/gud.''' Neutral, standard. Means deity/god and can be used as gender-neutral terms instead of separating gud (god) and gudinna (godess). | ||
*'''Handyperson, allt i allo, fixare, hantverkare.''' Neutral alternatives to handyman and handykvinna. | |||
*'''Hemspråk, familjespråk, förstaspråk, källspråk, ursprungspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to mother tongue. | *'''Hemspråk, familjespråk, förstaspråk, källspråk, ursprungspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to mother tongue. | ||
*'''Humanoid.''' Neutral alternative to android/gynoid. | *'''Humanoid.''' Neutral alternative to android/gynoid. | ||
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*'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense. | *'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense. | ||
*'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin). | *'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin). | ||
*'''Partyperson, festare, partajare, partydjur.''' Neutral alternatives for the loanwords partygirl and partyboy. | |||
*'''Placenta.''' Neutral alternative to "moderkaka" which translates to "mother-cookie". | *'''Placenta.''' Neutral alternative to "moderkaka" which translates to "mother-cookie". | ||
*'''Politisk skicklighet, diplomati, diplomatisk skicklighet, förvaltningsexpertis.''' Neutral alternatives to statsmannaskap (statesmanship). | *'''Politisk skicklighet, diplomati, diplomatisk skicklighet, förvaltningsexpertis.''' Neutral alternatives to statsmannaskap (statesmanship). | ||
*'''Polttare, föräktenskapsfest.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish and a descriptive phrase. Means "bach party" and "pre-marriage party" and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party). | *'''Polttare, föräktenskapsfest.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish and a descriptive phrase. Means "bach party" and "pre-marriage party" and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party). | ||
*'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of each word, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives to "prinsessa" (princess) and "prins" (prince) . They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | *'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of each word, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives to "prinsessa" (princess) and "prins" (prince) . They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | ||
*'''Psykning, bedrägeri.''' Neutral alternatives to gamesmanship. | |||
*'''Quing'''. Neologistic gender-neutral term for a monarch combining the English words "king" and "queen". | |||
*'''Regent/monark/majestät.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant, monarch, majesty, queen/king. | *'''Regent/monark/majestät.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant, monarch, majesty, queen/king. | ||
*'''Regentgemål.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant consort. | *'''Regentgemål.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant consort. | ||
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*'''(ingift) rojal gemål, monarkgemål/monarkigemål.''' Neutral. Means ("married/in-law") royal consort/spouse and monarch-consort/monarchy-consort/spouse and can be used instead of princess/prince. | *'''(ingift) rojal gemål, monarkgemål/monarkigemål.''' Neutral. Means ("married/in-law") royal consort/spouse and monarch-consort/monarchy-consort/spouse and can be used instead of princess/prince. | ||
*'''Rojalt barn, monarkbarn/monarkibarn.''' Neutral. Means royal child and monarch-child(ren)/monarchy-child(ren) and can be used instead of princess/prince. | *'''Rojalt barn, monarkbarn/monarkibarn.''' Neutral. Means royal child and monarch-child(ren)/monarchy-child(ren) and can be used instead of princess/prince. | ||
*'''Showperson, artist, underhållare.''' Neutral alternatives to showman. | |||
*'''Sib from another crib.''' Neutral English loanphrase as alternative phrase for "sister from another mister"/"sis from another Ms." and "brother from another mother"/"chad from a different dad"/"Tom from a different mom". | |||
*'''Sjövett.''' Neutral alternative to sjömanskap (seamanship). | *'''Sjövett.''' Neutral alternative to sjömanskap (seamanship). | ||
*'''Skolbarn, elev, student.''' Neutrala alternativ för skolflicka och skolpojke. | |||
* '''Snöfigur/snövän/snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman). | * '''Snöfigur/snövän/snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman). | ||
*'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill). | *'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill). | ||
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*'''Vattumänniska, vattufolk.''' Neutral alternatives to "sjöjungfru/vattukvinna" (mermaid) and "sjöman/vattuman" (merman), means merperson and merfolk. | *'''Vattumänniska, vattufolk.''' Neutral alternatives to "sjöjungfru/vattukvinna" (mermaid) and "sjöman/vattuman" (merman), means merperson and merfolk. | ||
*'''Vuxendom/vuxenskap/vuxenliv, ålderdom/ålderskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means adulthood/adult-life and elderhood, they can be used as gender-neutral alternatives to womandhood and manhood. | *'''Vuxendom/vuxenskap/vuxenliv, ålderdom/ålderskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means adulthood/adult-life and elderhood, they can be used as gender-neutral alternatives to womandhood and manhood. | ||
*'''Winger, wingfriend.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternative to wingman. | |||
* '''Ättlingspråk, anspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to daughter language and mother language regarding language history. | * '''Ättlingspråk, anspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to daughter language and mother language regarding language history. | ||
*'''160x200 säng.''' Neutral alternative to "Queen-size bed" using the standard Swedish sizes for this type of bed. | *'''160x200 säng.''' Neutral alternative to "Queen-size bed" using the standard Swedish sizes for this type of bed. | ||
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*Abbot, abbedissa → Klosterföreståndare, ''abbist (inferred using the gender-neutral "-ist" ending)'' | *Abbot, abbedissa → Klosterföreståndare, ''abbist (inferred using the gender-neutral "-ist" ending)'' | ||
*Adelsman, adelsdam → Adel | |||
*Affärsman → Affärsperson, affärsidkare, näringsidkare, företagare, entreprenör | *Affärsman → Affärsperson, affärsidkare, näringsidkare, företagare, entreprenör | ||
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*Frisör, Frisörska → Friserare, frisör, hårstylist | *Frisör, Frisörska → Friserare, frisör, hårstylist | ||
*Frontman, frontkvinna → Frontperson, ledstjärnan, bandledare | |||
*Fröken/Dagisfröken → Förskollärare | *Fröken/Dagisfröken → Förskollärare | ||
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* Förtroendeman → Förtroendevald, ''förtroendeombud (inferred using the gender-neutral "-ombud" [agent] instead of "-man")'' | * Förtroendeman → Förtroendevald, ''förtroendeombud (inferred using the gender-neutral "-ombud" [agent] instead of "-man")'' | ||
*Gamesman → Strateg, spelare, taktiker | |||
*God man → God person/''God förtrodd (inferred using the gender-neutral "-förtrodd" [-trusted] instead of "-man")'' | *God man → God person/''God förtrodd (inferred using the gender-neutral "-förtrodd" [-trusted] instead of "-man")'' | ||
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*Gärningsman → Gärningsperson | *Gärningsman → Gärningsperson | ||
*Hotellpojke, hisspojke, betjänstpojke → Piccolo, pickolo | |||
*Husfar, husmor → Husförälder | *Husfar, husmor → Husförälder | ||
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*Huvudman → Fullmaktsgivare, huvudansvarig myndighet | *Huvudman → Fullmaktsgivare, huvudansvarig myndighet | ||
*Idrottsman | *Idrottsman → Idrottare, idrottsperson, atlet, idrottsutövare, sportperson | ||
*Sportsman → Sportperson, rättvis spelare/konkurrent, hedervärd spelare/konkurrent | |||
*Jungman, befaren jungman → Jungsjösoldat/befaren jungsjösoldat ''(inferred using the gender-neutral alternative to "sjöman"–"sjösoldat", see below)'' | *Jungman, befaren jungman → Jungsjösoldat/befaren jungsjösoldat ''(inferred using the gender-neutral alternative to "sjöman"–"sjösoldat", see below)'' | ||
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* Kassör, kassörska → Kassabiträde, kassapersonal, kassaförvaltare | * Kassör, kassörska → Kassabiträde, kassapersonal, kassaförvaltare | ||
* Kejsarinna → Kejserlig majestät, kejsare | |||
*Krigsman → Krigare | *Krigsman → Krigare | ||
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*Ämbetsman → Ämbetsperson | *Ämbetsman → Ämbetsperson | ||
*Överherre, overlord, overlady → Överhärskare, överhuvud, härskare, överväktare, auktoritet | |||
*Överman → ''Övermotståndare (inferred using the gender-neutral "-motståndare" [opponent] instead of "-man")'' | *Överman → ''Övermotståndare (inferred using the gender-neutral "-motståndare" [opponent] instead of "-man")'' | ||
[[Category:Gender neutral language]] | [[Category:Gender neutral language]] | ||