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Gender neutral language in Swedish: Difference between revisions
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{{Template:Gender neutral language}} | {{Template:Gender neutral language}} | ||
<translate><!--T:1--> | <translate>== Introduction == <!--T:1--> | ||
The Swedish language has two grammatical genders, common (en-words, previously feminine and masculine but they are now merged) and neuter (ett-words). Swedish has thus been more adaptable to gender-neutral (or gender inclusive) expressions than languages with rigid feminine | <!--T:146--> | ||
Gender-neutral/gender-inclusive language is a way of communicating that intentionally avoids assumptions about gender. In Swedish, this can mean: | The Swedish language has two grammatical genders, common (en-words, previously feminine and masculine but they are now merged) and neuter (ett-words). Swedish has thus been more adaptable to gender-neutral (or gender inclusive) expressions than languages with rigid feminine-masculine distinctions. | ||
Gender-neutral/gender-inclusive language is a way of communicating that intentionally avoids assumptions about gender. In Swedish, this can mean: | |||
<!--T:151--> | |||
* Using gender-neutral pronouns: ''Hen'' instead of ''han'' (he) or ''hon'' (she). | * Using gender-neutral pronouns: ''Hen'' instead of ''han'' (he) or ''hon'' (she). | ||
* Choosing inclusive nouns: ''Vuxen'' (adult) instead of '' | * Choosing inclusive nouns: ''Vuxen'' (adult) instead of ''kvinna'' (woman) or ''man'' (man). | ||
* Reforming job titles: ''Brandbekämpare'' (firefighter) instead of ''brandman'' (literally “fireman”), and ''sjukskötare'' (caregiver/nurse) instead of ''sjuksköterska'' (traditionally specifically “female nurse”). | * Reforming job titles: ''Brandbekämpare'' (firefighter) instead of ''brandman'' (literally “fireman”), and ''sjukskötare'' (caregiver/nurse) instead of ''sjuksköterska'' (traditionally specifically “female nurse”). | ||
=== Why Gender-Neutral Language Matters === | === Why Gender-Neutral Language Matters === <!--T:239--> | ||
The goal of gender-neutral language is to foster equality and inclusion for all individuals, regardless of gender. It helps reduce the risk of misgendering, which can cause discomfort or distress – particularly for people who experience gender dysphoria or those who do not identify within the traditional gender binary. | The goal of gender-neutral language is to foster equality and inclusion for all individuals, regardless of gender, as well as to lessen the excess emphasis and importance that is put on gender in a highly socioculturally gendered society. It helps reduce the risk of misgendering, which can cause discomfort or distress – particularly for people who experience gender dysphoria or those who do not identify within the traditional gender binary. | ||
Gender-neutral language is not only a useful and necessary grammatical tool, but also a social one. It is especially important in contexts where gender is varied/queer, mixed/diverse in a group, irrelevant/unwanted, secret or unknown. By adopting inclusive language, we create environments that respect and acknowledge everyone. | <!--T:147--> | ||
Gender-neutral language is not only a useful and necessary grammatical tool, but also a social one. It is especially important in contexts where gender is varied/queer, mixed/diverse in a group, irrelevant/unwanted, secret or unknown. By adopting inclusive language, we create environments that respect and acknowledge everyone. | |||
=== History === | === History === <!--T:240--> | ||
Historically, Swedish society, like many others, | Historically, the Swedish society was, like many others, deeply rooted in a binary understanding of gender. Language reflected this, with most professions and roles being assigned a default gender – often masculine – unless specifically marked as feminine (for example, ''sjuksköterska'' for “nurse” and ''brandman'' for “firefighter”). Over time, as societal attitudes toward gender evolved, so too did the need for language that could accommodate a broader spectrum of identities. | ||
The late | |||
<!--T:241--> | |||
The late 20<sup>th</sup> and early 21<sup>st</sup> centuries saw a growing awareness of gender diversity and the limitations of binary language. Activists and linguists began advocating for more inclusive alternatives. This movement gained momentum as Sweden became increasingly recognized for its progressive stance on gender equality and LGBTQIA+ rights. | |||
<!--T:242--> | |||
A notable milestone was the introduction and popularization of hen – a gender-neutral pronoun – in the 2010s. Hen was not an entirely new invention; it had appeared in feminist and LGBTQIA+ circles as early as the 1960s, but it was the 21st century that saw it enter mainstream dictionaries and everyday speech. | A notable milestone was the introduction and popularization of hen – a gender-neutral pronoun – in the 2010s. Hen was not an entirely new invention; it had appeared in feminist and LGBTQIA+ circles as early as the 1960s, but it was the 21st century that saw it enter mainstream dictionaries and everyday speech. | ||
</translate> | </translate> | ||
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==<translate><!--T:2--> Pronouns</translate>== | ==<translate><!--T:2--> Pronouns</translate>== | ||
===<translate><!--T:3--> Gender-neutral third-person singular</translate>=== | ===<translate><!--T:3--> Gender-neutral third-person singular</translate>=== | ||
<translate><!--T:4--> Swedish’s official gender-neutral pronoun is hen/hen/hens. The Swedish common-inanimate pronoun den/den/dens (equivalent to it/it/its) is also used for gender-neutral language and by some nonbinary people. Singular de/dem/deras[https://transformering.se/vad-ar-trans/pronomen] (they/them/their) can often be used as a gender-neutral pronoun without it sounding weird, even though it is not commonly recognized or documented for being able to do so. If de/dem/deras is used in singular, the numeral conjugations of other words could be in singular as well (with regards to it not being common practice). Some nonbinary people have also opted for neopronouns such as hin/hin/hins [https://svenska.se/so/?id=130633][https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/hin][https://www.mjolby.se/uppleva-och-gora/fritidsgardar/queerious/ordlista---queerious][https://transformering.se/vad-ar-trans/pronomen], which is actually not a new pronoun but an obsolete pronoun (archaeopronoun) that means something alike “that one”, but is in modern times pretty much only used in the set phrase “hin håle” (the hard one, the devil). </translate> | <translate><!--T:4--> | ||
Swedish’s official gender-neutral pronoun is hen/hen/hens. The Swedish common-inanimate pronoun den/den/dens (equivalent to it/it/its) is also used for gender-neutral language and by some nonbinary people. Singular de/dem/deras[https://transformering.se/vad-ar-trans/pronomen] (they/them/their) can often be used as a gender-neutral pronoun without it sounding weird, even though it is not commonly recognized or documented for being able to do so. If de/dem/deras is used in singular, the numeral conjugations of other words could be in singular as well (with regards to it not being common practice). Some nonbinary people have also opted for neopronouns such as hin/hin/hins [https://svenska.se/so/?id=130633][https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/hin][https://www.mjolby.se/uppleva-och-gora/fritidsgardar/queerious/ordlista---queerious][https://transformering.se/vad-ar-trans/pronomen], which is actually not a new pronoun but an obsolete pronoun (archaeopronoun) that means something alike “that one”, but is in modern times pretty much only used in the set phrase “hin håle” (the hard one, the devil). | |||
<!--T:243--> | |||
'na and 'an are a shortened, dialectal or old accusative forms of the feminine Swedish pronouns "hon" and the masculine Swedish pronouns "han", 'en could be used for "hen" is a similar way if one uses it in a way that sounds natural. </translate> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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=== <translate><!--T:148--> Referring to God</translate>=== | === <translate><!--T:148--> Referring to God</translate>=== | ||
<translate><!--T:149--> While the abrahamic God is normally referred to with masculine pronouns even in Swedish, some might opt for using non-gendered words instead as to not apply human concepts to God. To do that one can instead just say "Gud" (God) instead of a pronoun, or the pronoun "de" (typically plural they, is sometimes used as singular they, but using it as plural might seem fitting for a trinity) or "hen" (gender-neutral singular they). The latter (*two, but especially the latter hen) might be controversial depending on who one asks.</translate> | <translate><!--T:149--> While the abrahamic God is normally referred to with masculine pronouns even in Swedish, some might opt for using non-gendered words instead as to not apply human concepts to God. To do that one can instead just say "Gud" (God) instead of a pronoun, or the pronoun "de" (typically plural they, is sometimes used as singular they, but using it as plural might seem fitting for a trinity) or "hen" (gender-neutral singular they). The latter (*two, but especially the latter "hen") might be controversial depending on who one asks.</translate> | ||
== <translate><!--T:21--> Gender-inclusive phrasing</translate> == | == <translate><!--T:21--> Gender-inclusive phrasing</translate> == | ||
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!<translate><!--T:233--> *Descriptive adjectives </translate> | !<translate><!--T:233--> *Descriptive adjectives </translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:234--> Mänsklig, nyfödd, liten, yngre, minderårig, ung, barnaårig, tonårig, ungdomlig, äldre, vuxen, myndig, medelålders, gammal, pensionerad, stor </translate> | |<translate><!--T:234--> Mänsklig, nyfödd, liten, yngre, minderårig, ung, barnaårig, tonårig, ungdomlig, äldre, vuxen, myndig, medelålders, gammal, pensionerad, stor </translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:235--> Kvinnlig, feminin, tjejig, honlig, tjejkropp | |<translate><!--T:235--> Kvinnlig, feminin, tjejig, honlig, tjejkropp </translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:236--> Manlig, maskulin, killig, hanlig, killkropp | |<translate><!--T:236--> Manlig, maskulin, killig, hanlig, killkropp</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:237--> icke-binär, intersex/ | |<translate><!--T:237--> icke-binär, intersex/inter, androgyn, neutral, okönad/könlös, epicen</translate> | ||
|} | |} | ||
<translate><!--T:183--> '''Note 1:''' The words "enby" and "enban" were made for nonbinary people specifically, but could be used by nonbinary intersex people who identify with it. They can also be used by parents for their intersex children "if" the child expresses an identification with not being specifially a girl or a boy and wants to use those words. These words are, however, not condoned by everyone since they do reinforce gendering. It's important to remember that words like "girl", "boy" and "enby" are gendered nouns, while endosex, intersex, female and male is about biological sex and should be used as descriptors for such, thus people opt not to have any single specific gendered person- | <translate><!--T:183--> | ||
'''Note 1:''' The words "enby" and "enban" were made for nonbinary people specifically, but could be used by nonbinary intersex people who identify with it. They can also be used by parents for their intersex children "if" the child expresses an identification with not being specifially a girl or a boy and wants to use those words. These words are, however, not condoned by everyone since they do reinforce gendering. It's important to remember that words like "girl", "boy" and "enby" are gendered nouns, while endosex, intersex, female and male is about biological sex and should be used as descriptors for such, thus people opt not to have any single specific gendered person-nouns for intersex people. | |||
</translate> | </translate> | ||
<translate><!--T:184--> '''Note 2:''' "Enby", and by extension "enban", stem from the abbreviation of nonbinary – "NB" (/en-bee/). Enby is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "girl" and "boy", and enban is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "woman" and "man". Many nonbinary adults do however call themselves "enby".</translate> | <translate><!--T:184--> '''Note 2:''' "Enby", and by extension "enban", stem from the abbreviation of nonbinary – "NB" (/en-bee/). Enby is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "girl" and "boy", and enban is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "woman" and "man". Many nonbinary adults do however call themselves "enby".</translate> | ||
<translate><!--T:185--> '''Note 3:''' "Enby" and "enban" are not standardized words in Swedish, but are | <translate><!--T:185--> '''Note 3:''' "Enby" and "enban" are not standardized words in Swedish, but are loanwords from English to fill the gap of nonbinary inclusive language.</translate> | ||
<translate><!--T:186--> '''Note 4:''' Some nonbinary people dislike "enby" and | <translate><!--T:186--> | ||
'''Note 4:''' Some nonbinary people dislike "enby" and see it as infantilizing. | |||
<!--T:244--> | |||
'''Note 5:''' The descriptive adjectives can be used instead of the specific people nouns as to not nounify attributes and descriptive characteristics (such as age) that one deems to be misplaced as prescriptive or identifying nouns.</translate> | '''Note 5:''' The descriptive adjectives can be used instead of the specific people nouns as to not nounify attributes and descriptive characteristics (such as age) that one deems to be misplaced as prescriptive or identifying nouns.</translate> | ||
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|<translate><!--T:196--> enby</translate> | |<translate><!--T:196--> enby</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:197--> enbyn</translate> | |<translate><!--T:197--> enbyn</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:198--> | |<translate><!--T:198--> enbyer/enbies/enbys</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:199--> | |<translate><!--T:199--> enbyerna/enbies/enbys</translate> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<translate><!--T:200--> Genitive </translate> | !<translate><!--T:200--> Genitive </translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:201--> enbys</translate> | |<translate><!--T:201--> enbys</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:202--> enbyns</translate> | |<translate><!--T:202--> enbyns</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:203--> | |<translate><!--T:203--> enbyers/enbies/enbys</translate> | ||
|<translate><!--T:204--> | |<translate><!--T:204--> enbyernas/enbies/enbys</translate> | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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*'''Förförälder.''' Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent. Förförälder can be used both as a collective word for grandparents, but also to refer to a parent's parent gender-neutrally. Förföräldrar also serves as an alternative gender-inclusive word to förfäder (forefathers). Förförälder is not included in modern dictionaries, but "förföräldrar" is mentioned in SAOB (The Swedish Academy's dictionary).[https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=F_2481-0191.N3SO-0006] | *'''Förförälder.''' Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent. Förförälder can be used both as a collective word for grandparents, but also to refer to a parent's parent gender-neutrally. Förföräldrar also serves as an alternative gender-inclusive word to förfäder (forefathers). Förförälder is not included in modern dictionaries, but "förföräldrar" is mentioned in SAOB (The Swedish Academy's dictionary).[https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=F_2481-0191.N3SO-0006] | ||
*'''Gammelförälder.''' Neutral, standard, means great-grandparent. | *'''Gammelförälder.''' Neutral, standard, means great-grandparent. | ||
* '''Förrförr | * '''Förrförr.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means grandy/grandma/grandpa. Förrförr (ought to be pronounced with "short ö:s" to not confuse it with the word "förför" which means "seduce", which is pronounced with a short first ö and long second ö). Förrförr is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of mormor (maternal mother, standard), farmor (paternal mother, standard), morfar (maternal father, standard) and farfar (paternal father, standard). "Föffö" would be the baby-language equivalent.[https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rrf%C3%B6rr][https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rf%C3%B6r][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
*'''Morför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means maternal grandparent. "Moffö" would be the baby-language equivalent.[https://svenska.se/saol/?sok=morf%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldrar&pz=4][https://folkmun.se/definition/Morf%C3%B6r][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | *'''Morför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means maternal grandparent. "Moffö" would be the baby-language equivalent.[https://svenska.se/saol/?sok=morf%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldrar&pz=4][https://folkmun.se/definition/Morf%C3%B6r][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
*'''Farför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means paternal grandparent. "Faffö" would be the baby-language equivalent.[https://svenska.se/saol/?id=0642009&pz=5][https://folkmun.se/definition/Farf%C3%B6r][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | *'''Farför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means paternal grandparent. "Faffö" would be the baby-language equivalent.[https://svenska.se/saol/?id=0642009&pz=5][https://folkmun.se/definition/Farf%C3%B6r][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
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*'''Syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means sibling(s). | *'''Syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means sibling(s). | ||
*'''Sysk, sysse, sib/sibb'''. Neutral, nonstandard. Abbreviated slang forms of syskon/sibling that can be used as alternatives to "brorsa" (bro) and "syrra" (sis). | *'''Sysk, sysse, sib/sibb'''. Neutral, nonstandard. Abbreviated slang forms of syskon/sibling that can be used as alternatives to "brorsa" (bro) and "syrra" (sis). | ||
*'''Tvilling, enäggstvilling, tvåäggstvilling, trilling, fyrling, femling, flerling''' | *'''Tvilling, enäggstvilling, tvåäggstvilling, trilling, fyrling, femling, flerling'''[https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=F_0663-0283.pbKY-0074]'''/flerbörssyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means twin, one-egg twin, two-eggs twin, triplet, quadruplet, quintuplet, multiple/multiple birth sibling. | ||
* '''Lillasyskon/mellansyskon/storasyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/middle sibling(s)/big sibling(s). | * '''Lillasyskon/mellansyskon/storasyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/middle sibling(s)/big sibling(s). | ||
* '''Yngre syskon/äldre syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s). | * '''Yngre syskon/äldre syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s). | ||
*'''Föräldrasyskon/försyskon.''' Neutral, nonstandard, föräldrasyskon will be understood, försyskon has little use. Means pibling(s)/parent’s sibling(s). Föräldrasyskon and försyskon can be used both as a collective word for one's parents' sibling(s) and to refer to a parent's sibling(s) gender-neutrally. Försyskon is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of moster (maternal sister, standard), faster (paternal sister, standard), morbror (maternal brother, standard) and farbror (paternal brother, standard).[https://folkmun.se/definition/f%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldrasyskon][https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rsyskon][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | *'''Föräldrasyskon/försyskon.''' Neutral, nonstandard, föräldrasyskon will be understood, försyskon has little use. Means pibling(s)/parent’s sibling(s). Föräldrasyskon and försyskon can be used both as a collective word for one's parents' sibling(s) and to refer to a parent's sibling(s) gender-neutrally. Försyskon is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of moster (maternal sister, standard), faster (paternal sister, standard), morbror (maternal brother, standard) and farbror (paternal brother, standard).[https://folkmun.se/definition/f%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldrasyskon][https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rsyskon][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
*''' | *'''Morsyskon.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means mother’s sibling(s).[https://folkmun.se/definition/Morssyskon][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
*''' | *'''Farsyskon.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means father’s sibling(s).[https://folkmun.se/definition/Farssyskon][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
*'''Föster/försyster.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means aunt/parent’s sister.[https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6ster][https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rsyster][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | *'''Föster/försyster.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means aunt/parent’s sister.[https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6ster][https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rsyster][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
*'''Förbror.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means uncle/parent’s brother.[https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rbror][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | *'''Förbror.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard, little use. Means uncle/parent’s brother.[https://folkmun.se/definition/F%C3%B6rbror][https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/] | ||
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*'''Partner.''' Neutral, standard. Means partner. | *'''Partner.''' Neutral, standard. Means partner. | ||
*'''Livspartner, platonisk livspartner.''' Neutral. Means lifepartner and platonic lifepartner. | |||
*'''Sambo.''' Neutral, standard. Means cohabitation-partner. | *'''Sambo.''' Neutral, standard. Means cohabitation-partner. | ||
*'''Älskling.''' Neutral, standard. Means love. | *'''Älskling.''' Neutral, standard. Means love. | ||
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*'''Brudpartner.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means marrier/spouse-to-be/nearly-wed. | *'''Brudpartner.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means marrier/spouse-to-be/nearly-wed. | ||
*'''Fästpartner/fästperson/förlovade.''' Neutral, standard/nonstandard. Means betrothed/fiance. | *'''Fästpartner/fästperson/förlovade.''' Neutral, standard/nonstandard. Means betrothed/fiance. | ||
*'''Gemål/äktenskaplig partner/gift partner.''' Neutral, formal, little use/standard. Means | *'''Gemål/äktenskapspartner/äktenskaplig partner/gift partner.''' Neutral, formal, little use/standard. Means consort/maritial spouse. | ||
*'''Spouse.''' Neutral, English loanword, might be understood but might sound weird. | |||
*'''Dejt.''' Neutral, standard. Means date. | *'''Dejt.''' Neutral, standard. Means date. | ||
*'''Sällskap.''' Status-neutral and gender-neutral word for someone's accompanying person. | *'''Sällskap.''' Status-neutral and gender-neutral word for someone's accompanying person. | ||
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* '''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumman respektive gubben, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumman and gubben can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean "the old-woman" and "the old-man" respectively) | * '''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumman respektive gubben, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumman and gubben can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean "the old-woman" and "the old-man" respectively) | ||
*'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person. | *'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person. | ||
*'''Ärade/kära/goda publik/gäster/vänner/(gott) folk. Damer, herrar och icke-binära.''' Neutral, inclusive, standard. Gender-inclusive alternatives to “ladies & gentlemen”. | *'''Ärade/kära/goda publik/gäster/vänner/läsare/lyssnare/tittare/(gott) folk. Damer, herrar och icke-binära.''' Neutral, inclusive, standard. Gender-inclusive alternatives to “ladies & gentlemen”. | ||
*'''Person/personer med vagina (slida)/vulva/äggstockar/äggledare/äggceller/livmoder (uterus/kved)/mens/bröst/testiklar/pung/prostata/penis/sädesceller (spermier), barnbärande/barnhavande, ammande, graviditetsfertila, målbrottspåverkade, ansiktsbehårade etc.''' | *'''Person/personer med vagina (slida)/vulva/äggstockar/äggledare/äggceller/livmoder (uterus/kved)/mens/bröst/testiklar/pung/prostata/penis/sädesceller (spermier), barnbärande/barnhavande, ammande, graviditetsfertila, målbrottspåverkade, ansiktsbehårade etc.''' | ||
...Means person/people with vagina-vulva/ovaries/oviducts/egg cells-ova/womb-uterus/periods/breasts/testicles/scrotum/prostate/penis/sperm cells-sperm, childbearing/pregnant people, chestfeeding people, pregnancy-fertile, voice change/voice break affected, people with facial hair... | ...Means person/people with vagina-vulva/ovaries/oviducts/egg cells-ova/womb-uterus/periods/breasts/testicles/scrotum/prostate/penis/sperm cells-sperm, childbearing/pregnant people, chestfeeding people, pregnancy-fertile, voice change/voice break affected, people with facial hair... | ||
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*'''Arbetsstyrka/arbetskraft, teamstyrka/lagstyrka, personalstyrka.''' Means workforce, team/staff/crew strength/force/power and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "manstyrka" (man power). | *'''Arbetsstyrka/arbetskraft, teamstyrka/lagstyrka, personalstyrka.''' Means workforce, team/staff/crew strength/force/power and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "manstyrka" (man power). | ||
*'''Besatt/ockuperad/med personal, obesatt/oockuperad/utan personal, personalbesatt.''' Means occupied/with staff and unoccupied/without staff, these alternatives can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives to "bemannad" (manned) and "obemannad" (unmanned). | *'''Besatt/ockuperad/med personal, obesatt/oockuperad/utan personal, personalbesatt.''' Means occupied/with staff and unoccupied/without staff, these alternatives can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives to "bemannad" (manned) and "obemannad" (unmanned). | ||
<!--T:245--> | |||
*'''Besegra, överväldiga/överrumpla, övertrumfa, övervinna.''' Non-male-generalizing alternatives to "övermanna" ("overman"/overpower), means "defeat", "overwhelm", "outdo" and "overcome". | *'''Besegra, överväldiga/överrumpla, övertrumfa, övervinna.''' Non-male-generalizing alternatives to "övermanna" ("overman"/overpower), means "defeat", "overwhelm", "outdo" and "overcome". | ||
*'''Besättning/personal/rekrytering, personalbesättning.''' Neutral, standard-nonstandard. Means staff/crew/recuitment and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for bemanning ("manning"). | *'''Besättning/personal/rekrytering, personalbesättning.''' Neutral, standard-nonstandard. Means staff/crew/recuitment and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for bemanning ("manning"). | ||
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*'''Cowhand.''' Neutral English loanword as alternative for cowboy and cowgirl. | *'''Cowhand.''' Neutral English loanword as alternative for cowboy and cowgirl. | ||
*'''Drömpartner, rojal drömpartner.''' Neutral alternatives to "drömprins/drömprinsessa" (dream princes/dream princess) | *'''Drömpartner, rojal drömpartner.''' Neutral alternatives to "drömprins/drömprinsessa" (dream princes/dream princess) | ||
*'''Du, hörru, sörru, ni, hörrni, sörruni, folk, vännen, vän(ner), kamrat, älskling (sarcastic), homie, bestie, kiddo, yo, ey, sib, comrade, baby (sarcastic), human, person, fam, chat, peeps, y'all.''' Gender-neutral alternatives for informal/playful words and phrases like bror (bro), mannen (the man), girl(s), gal(s), sis, miss, man, dude(s), lad(s), pal(s), mate(s), bro(s), guy(s)/my guy(s). | *'''Du, hörru, sörru, ni, hörrni, sörruni, allihop, allesammans, folk, vännen, vän(ner), barn/ungar, kamrat, älskling (sarcastic), homie, bestie, gamer, kiddo, buddy, yo, ey/äj, sib, comrade, baby (sarcastic), human, person, fam, chat, peeps, y'all.''' Gender-neutral alternatives for informal/playful words and phrases like bror (bro), mannen (the man), girl(s), gal(s), sis, miss, man, dude(s), lad(s), pal(s), mate(s), bro(s), guy(s)/my guy(s). | ||
*'''Döden, liedöden, dödsgestalt, dödens gestalt.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternatives to lieman/liemannen (Grim Reaper/the Grim Reaper). | |||
*'''Ehm, this is a Wendy's.''' Neutral English loanphrase as alternative phrase that replaces sir and ma'am in "Sir/Ma'am, this is a Wendy's." by removing the gendered honorifics. | *'''Ehm, this is a Wendy's.''' Neutral English loanphrase as alternative phrase that replaces sir and ma'am in "Sir/Ma'am, this is a Wendy's." by removing the gendered honorifics. | ||
* '''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field). | * '''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field). | ||
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*'''Födelseefternamn, efternamn som ogift, efternamn före äktenskapet, föräktenskapligt efternamn, tidigare efternamn, släktnamn.''' Neutral alternative to maiden name. | *'''Födelseefternamn, efternamn som ogift, efternamn före äktenskapet, föräktenskapligt efternamn, tidigare efternamn, släktnamn.''' Neutral alternative to maiden name. | ||
*'''Föreställningsförmåga, artisteri, scennärvaro.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for the loanword showmanship. | *'''Föreställningsförmåga, artisteri, scennärvaro.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for the loanword showmanship. | ||
*'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | *'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker/frammanare/besvärjare.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician/summoner/spellcaster and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | ||
*'''Föräldraskap/släktskap, barnbärande föräldraskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means parenthood, kinship and childbearing parenthood, they can be used as a gender-neutral alternatives to motherhood and fatherhood. | *'''Föräldraskap/släktskap, barnbärande föräldraskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means parenthood, kinship and childbearing parenthood, they can be used as a gender-neutral alternatives to motherhood and fatherhood. | ||
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*'''Humanoid.''' Neutral alternative to android/gynoid. | *'''Humanoid.''' Neutral alternative to android/gynoid. | ||
*'''Huskost/hushållskost.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means house/household-diet/cuisine (traditional home cooked food) and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "husmanskost" (house-man's-diet/cuisine). | *'''Huskost/hushållskost.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means house/household-diet/cuisine (traditional home cooked food) and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "husmanskost" (house-man's-diet/cuisine). | ||
*'''Hushållstips/hushållsknep/hemmatips.''' Means household tips/tricks and can be used as a non-female alternative to "husmorstips" (housewife's tips). | |||
* '''Huvudfarkost/huvudskepp, bärarfarkost/bärarskepp, basfarkost/basskepp, hangarfarkost/hangarskepp.''' Neutral non-standard, little use, alternatives to mothership. | * '''Huvudfarkost/huvudskepp, bärarfarkost/bärarskepp, basfarkost/basskepp, hangarfarkost/hangarskepp.''' Neutral non-standard, little use, alternatives to mothership. | ||
*'''Huvudkort, systemkort.''' Neutral standard alternatives to motherboard. | *'''Huvudkort, systemkort.''' Neutral standard alternatives to motherboard. | ||
*'''Hymen, slidkrans.''' Neutral alternatives to the etymologically feminine and conceptually problematic word mödomshinna. | |||
*'''Härskarvälde.''' Neutral, standard. Means reign/rulerreign/rulership and can be use as a non-male-centric alternative to "herravälde" ("male-"lordreign). | *'''Härskarvälde.''' Neutral, standard. Means reign/rulerreign/rulership and can be use as a non-male-centric alternative to "herravälde" ("male-"lordreign). | ||
*'''Idrottaranda, sportligt uppförande, ärlighet, renhårighet, rättvist spel, atletisk integritet, rättvisa.''' Neutral alternatives to sportmannaanda/idrottsmannaanda/sportmanship. | *'''Idrottaranda, sportligt uppförande, ärlighet, renhårighet, rättvist spel, atletisk integritet, rättvisa.''' Neutral alternatives to sportmannaanda/idrottsmannaanda/sportmanship. | ||
*'''Invånare, medborgare, landsperson.''' Neutral, standard alternatives to landsman and broder. | |||
* '''Javisst, jajavisst, absolut, naturligtvis, sannerligen, självklart.''' Neutral, standard. "Javisst" means "oh yes"/"sure thing"/"you bet", "absolut" mean "absolutely", "naturligtvis" means "naturally", "sannerligen" means "truly" and "självklart" means "of course". These can be used instead of the phrases "jajamän" and "jajemänsan" that means the same as "javisst" but its origin meaning is "yes holy man/men". Directly dividing and translating the word "jajamän" gives the phrase "yes-yes men". "Jajavisst" is an innovative phrase that means the same as "javisst", but it is more adapted to be used instead of "jajamän"/"jajamänsan". | * '''Javisst, jajavisst, absolut, naturligtvis, sannerligen, självklart.''' Neutral, standard. "Javisst" means "oh yes"/"sure thing"/"you bet", "absolut" mean "absolutely", "naturligtvis" means "naturally", "sannerligen" means "truly" and "självklart" means "of course". These can be used instead of the phrases "jajamän" and "jajemänsan" that means the same as "javisst" but its origin meaning is "yes holy man/men". Directly dividing and translating the word "jajamän" gives the phrase "yes-yes men". "Jajavisst" is an innovative phrase that means the same as "javisst", but it is more adapted to be used instead of "jajamän"/"jajamänsan". | ||
*'''J. Doe, Jay Doe.''' Gender-neutral alternative to Jane Doe and John Doe. | *'''J. Doe, Jay Doe.''' Gender-neutral alternative to Jane Doe and John Doe. | ||
*'''Karaktär.''' Neutral, standard. Means character/game-character and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "spelgubbe/gubbe" (game-man/man). | *'''Karaktär.''' Neutral, standard. Means character/game-character and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "spelgubbe/gubbe" (game-man/man). | ||
*'''Kronarvtagare/tronföljare/arvinge.''' Neutral, standard. Means crown-successor/heir and can be used instead of "kronprinsessa" (crown princess) and "kronprins" (crown prince). | *'''Kronarvtagare/tronföljare/arvinge.''' Neutral, standard. Means crown-successor/heir and can be used instead of "kronprinsessa" (crown princess) and "kronprins" (crown prince). | ||
*'''Latinamerikan/latine/latinx.''' Neutralt alternative to latina and latino. Latinamerikan means latinamerican. Latine is more in line with the grammar in Spanish and Portugese, but latinx is used much more frequently. | *'''Lantgård, lantegendom frälsegård, adelsgård.''' Non-male-generalizing alternatives to "herrgård" (manor/mansion). | ||
*'''Latinamerikan/latine/latinx.''' Neutralt alternative to latina and latino. Latinamerikan means latinamerican. Latine is more in line with the grammar in Spanish and Portugese, but latinx is used much more frequently and can be seen as more directly inclusive of people of different genders. | |||
*'''LEGO-figur/LEGO-minifigur.''' Neutral, standard. Means LEGO-figure/LEGO-minifigure and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "LEGO-gubbe" (LEGO-man). | *'''LEGO-figur/LEGO-minifigur.''' Neutral, standard. Means LEGO-figure/LEGO-minifigure and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "LEGO-gubbe" (LEGO-man). | ||
*'''Lågramscykel, högramscykel, mellanramscykel/neutralramscykel.''' Neutral, descriptive and might be understood. Mean low-frame, high-frame and middle-/neutral-frame bicycle, these words can be used instead of gendering specfic type of bikes that anyone can useregardless of gender. Low-frame, high-frame and middle-/neutral-frame bicycle refers to what is conventionally called women's, men's and unisex bicycles respectively. | *'''Lågramscykel, högramscykel, mellanramscykel/neutralramscykel.''' Neutral, descriptive and might be understood. Mean low-frame, high-frame and middle-/neutral-frame bicycle, these words can be used instead of gendering specfic type of bikes that anyone can useregardless of gender. Low-frame, high-frame and middle-/neutral-frame bicycle refers to what is conventionally called women's, men's and unisex bicycles respectively. | ||
*'''Nedärvd, urärvd.''' Non-male-generalizing alternatives to fädernärd (forefather-ancestral). | |||
*'''Nötdjur/nötboskap/nötkreatur.''' Neutral species-specific alternatives to "ko" (cow, vernacular for cattle) and "tjur" (bull), standard but non-vernacular terms for cattle. | *'''Nötdjur/nötboskap/nötkreatur.''' Neutral species-specific alternatives to "ko" (cow, vernacular for cattle) and "tjur" (bull), standard but non-vernacular terms for cattle. | ||
*'''"Oh come on", "ah come on", "oh shoot", "oh snap", "oh fuck", "come on", "ey", "oh wow".''' Non-gendered alternatives to the phrases "o'boy", "oh man" and "ah man". | |||
*'''Oligarki, fåvälde.''' Neutral alternatives to "fåmannavälde". | *'''Oligarki, fåvälde.''' Neutral alternatives to "fåmannavälde". | ||
*'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense. | *'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense. | ||
*'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin). | *'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin). | ||
*'''Partyperson, festare, partajare, partydjur.''' Neutral alternatives for the loanwords partygirl and partyboy. | *'''Partyperson, partyfolk, festare, partajare, partydjur.''' Neutral alternatives for the loanwords partygirl and partyboy. | ||
*'''Placenta.''' Neutral alternative to "moderkaka" which translates to "mother-cookie". | *'''Placenta.''' Neutral alternative to "moderkaka" which translates to "mother-cookie". | ||
*'''Peers before dears.''' Neutral alternative to "pals before gals (instead of bros before hoes)" and "sisters before misters". | *'''Peers before dears.''' Neutral alternative to "pals before gals (instead of bros before hoes)" and "sisters before misters". | ||
*'''Personalbrist/underbesatt/underockuperat/personalunderskott/otillräckligt besatt/brist på personal, personalöverdrift.''' Means understaffed/underoccupied and overstaffed, these alternatives can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives to "underbemannad" (understaffed) and "överbemannad" (overstaffed). | |||
*'''Politisk skicklighet, diplomati, diplomatisk skicklighet, förvaltningsexpertis.''' Neutral alternatives to statsmannaskap (statesmanship). | *'''Politisk skicklighet, diplomati, diplomatisk skicklighet, förvaltningsexpertis.''' Neutral alternatives to statsmannaskap (statesmanship). | ||
*'''Polttare, föräktenskapsfest.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish and a descriptive phrase. Means "bach party" and "pre-marriage party" and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party). | *'''Polttare, föräktenskapsfest.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish and a descriptive phrase. Means "bach party" and "pre-marriage party" and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party). | ||
*'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of | *'''Prin/prinx, rojalitet, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of prins/prinsessa, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives. Rojalitet means royalty. They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | ||
*'''Psykning, bedrägeri.''' Neutral alternatives to gamesmanship. | *'''Psykning, bedrägeri.''' Neutral alternatives to gamesmanship. | ||
*'''Påskfigur, påskgäst, påskutklädd.''' Neutral and inclusive alternatives to "påskhäxa" (easter witch). | *'''Påskfigur, påskgäst, påskutklädd.''' Neutral and inclusive alternatives to "påskhäxa" (easter witch). | ||
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*'''Snöfigur/snövän/snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman). | *'''Snöfigur/snövän/snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman). | ||
*'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill). | *'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill). | ||
*'''Statstjänsteroll.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative to statstjänstemannaroll. | |||
*'''Strukhuvudsknöl/larynxknöl'''. Neutral alternative to "Adam's apple". | *'''Strukhuvudsknöl/larynxknöl'''. Neutral alternative to "Adam's apple". | ||
*'''Studentföreningar, sociala universitetsklubbar, sociala akademiska klubbar.''' Neutral alternatives to sororater/kvinnoföreningar and broderskap (sororities and fraternities). | *'''Studentföreningar, sociala universitetsklubbar, sociala akademiska klubbar.''' Neutral alternatives to sororater/kvinnoföreningar and broderskap (sororities and fraternities). | ||
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*'''Winger, wingfriend.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternative to wingman. | *'''Winger, wingfriend.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternative to wingman. | ||
*'''Yas/slay/go off/get it/fuck 'em up/ pop off/snap it/tell 'em legend/icon/boss/cooling/quing/royalty/majesty/liege/eminence/excellency.''' Neutrala alternativ till "yas queen/king". | *'''Yas/slay/go off/get it/fuck 'em up/ pop off/snap it/tell 'em legend/icon/boss/cooling/quing/royalty/majesty/liege/eminence/excellency.''' Neutrala alternativ till "yas queen/king". | ||
*'''"Yo!", "Yoo!", "Damn!", "Dang!", "Whoa!", "Fam!" (colloquial, inclusive), "Hey!", "Wow!", "Oo dang!", "Oo wow!", "Oo hot damn!", "Oo yes!", "Oo snap!", "Hjälte".''' Neutrala alternativ till "kung!", "king!", "dude!", "bro!", "bruh!", "girl!" and "oo girl!". | |||
*'''Ägarlös.''' Neutral. Means ownerless, alternative to "herrelös" (male-masterless). | *'''Ägarlös.''' Neutral. Means ownerless, alternative to "herrelös" (male-masterless). | ||
*'''Ättlingspråk, anspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to daughter language and mother language regarding language history. | *'''Ättlingspråk, anspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to daughter language and mother language regarding language history. | ||
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*Jag ska fråga min mappa om hen kan swisha mig. | *Jag ska fråga min mappa om hen kan swisha mig. | ||
*Mina förföräldrar kommer från Finland. | *Mina förföräldrar kommer från Finland. | ||
*Min förrförr | *Min förrförr har en ny bil. | ||
* Min förrförr | * Min förrförr har skaffat en katt. | ||
*Grattis! Du har blivit förrförr | *Grattis! Du har blivit förrförr. | ||
*Min morför/farför/förmor/förfar kommer från Finland. | *Min morför/farför/förmor/förfar kommer från Finland. | ||
*Min morför/farför/förmor/förfar har en ny bil. | *Min morför/farför/förmor/förfar har en ny bil. | ||
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*Flygvärd, Flygvärdinna → Kabinpersonal, ''kabinbiträde'', flygpersonal, ''flygbiträde (inferred using the gender-neutral "-biträde" ["assistant"])'' | *Flygvärd, Flygvärdinna → Kabinpersonal, ''kabinbiträde'', flygpersonal, ''flygbiträde (inferred using the gender-neutral "-biträde" ["assistant"])'' | ||
*Flyttgubbar → Flyttarbetare | |||
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*Sjuksköterska/sköterska, akutsjuksköterska, ambulanssjuksköterska, anestesisjuksköterska, barnsjuksköterska, distriktsköterska, intensivvårdssjuksköterska, IVA-sjuksköterska, kirurgsjuksköterska, KOL-sjuksköterska, onkologisjuksköterska, operationssjuksköterska, psykiatrisjuksköterska, röntgensjuksköterska, sjuksköterska inom äldrevården, skolsköterska, specialistsjuksköterska, tandsköterska, undersköterska, ögonsjuksköterska → Sjukskötare ''(inferred using the gender-neutral ending "-are" instead of the feminine "-erska")'', ''akutsjukskötare, ambulanssjukskötare, anestesisjukskötare, barnsjukskötare, distriktsjukskötare, intensivvårdssjukskötare, IVA-sjukskötare, kirurgsjukskötare, KOL-sjukskötare, onkologisjukskötare, operationssjukskötare, psykiatrisjukskötare, röntgensjukskötare, sjukskötare inom äldrevården, skolsjukskötare, specialistsjukskötare,'' tandskötare, underskötare, ''ögonsjukskötare'' | *Sjuksköterska/sköterska, akutsjuksköterska, ambulanssjuksköterska, anestesisjuksköterska, barnsjuksköterska, distriktsköterska, intensivvårdssjuksköterska, IVA-sjuksköterska, kirurgsjuksköterska, KOL-sjuksköterska, onkologisjuksköterska, operationssjuksköterska, psykiatrisjuksköterska, röntgensjuksköterska, sjuksköterska inom äldrevården, skolsköterska, specialistsjuksköterska, tandsköterska, undersköterska, ögonsjuksköterska → Sjukskötare/skötare/vårdskötare ''(inferred using the gender-neutral ending "-are" instead of the feminine "-erska")'', ''akutsjukskötare, ambulanssjukskötare, anestesisjukskötare, barnsjukskötare, distriktsjukskötare, intensivvårdssjukskötare, IVA-sjukskötare, kirurgsjukskötare, KOL-sjukskötare, onkologisjukskötare, operationssjukskötare, psykiatrisjukskötare, röntgensjukskötare, sjukskötare inom äldrevården, skolsjukskötare, specialistsjukskötare,'' tandskötare, underskötare, ''ögonsjukskötare'' | ||
*Skådespelerska, teaterman → Skådespelare | *Skådespelerska, teaterman → Skådespelare | ||
*Skördeman → Skördare | |||
*Sminkös, sminkör → Sminkare, sminkör, maskör, smink artist/stilyst, make up artist/stylist | *Sminkös, sminkör → Sminkare, sminkör, maskör, smink artist/stilyst, make up artist/stylist | ||
*Sopgubbe → Sopbilsförare, soppersonal, soparbetare, sanitetsarbetare, sophämtare, soppersonal, sopåkare | *Sopgubbe → Sopbilsförare, soppersonal, soparbetare, sanitetsarbetare, sophämtare, soppersonal, sopåkare | ||
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*Stuntman → Stuntperson | *Stuntman → Stuntperson | ||
*Styrman, rorsman → Styrbefäl, styrperson, fartygsbefäl, rorgängare | *Styrman, rorsman → Styrbefäl, styrperson, fartygsbefäl, rorgängare, navigatör, befälhavare | ||
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*Tågvärdinna, tågmästarinna, tågvärd, tågmästare → Tågvärd, tågmästare, biljettkontrollant, tågkontrollant, kontrollant | |||
*Tjänsteman → Tjänsteperson, handläggare | *Tjänsteman → Tjänsteperson, handläggare | ||