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Gender-variant identities worldwide/ru: Difference between revisions
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* '''Era:''' ??? - to present<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca|last=Stephen|first=Lynn|date=March 2002|journal=Latin American Perspectives |doi=10.1177/0094582X0202900203 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249691394_Sexualities_and_Genders_in_Zapotec_Oaxaca |volume=29|issue=2|page=41-59}}</ref> | * '''Era:''' ??? - to present<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca|last=Stephen|first=Lynn|date=March 2002|journal=Latin American Perspectives |doi=10.1177/0094582X0202900203 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249691394_Sexualities_and_Genders_in_Zapotec_Oaxaca |volume=29|issue=2|page=41-59}}</ref> | ||
* '''Description of sex/gender:''' AMAB individuals who take on feminine roles. Similar to the Muxe, described below.<ref name="opentextbook">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 3: Global Sexualities: LGBTQ Anthropology Past, Present, and Future {{!}} Glossary |author= |work=LGBTQ+ Studies: An Open Textbook |date= |access-date=5 December 2020 |url= https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-lgbtq-studies/chapter/global-sexualities-glossary/}}</ref> | * '''Description of sex/gender:''' AMAB individuals who take on feminine roles. Similar to the Muxe, described below.<ref name="opentextbook">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 3: Global Sexualities: LGBTQ Anthropology Past, Present, and Future {{!}} Glossary |author= |work=LGBTQ+ Studies: An Open Textbook |date= |access-date=5 December 2020 |url= https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-lgbtq-studies/chapter/global-sexualities-glossary/}}</ref> | ||
* '''Role in society:''' "The ''biza'ah'' sometimes engage in the stereotypically feminine activities of their community such as the making of ceremonial candles."<ref name="DTAglobal">{{Cite web |title=Global Terms |author= |work=Digital Transgender Archive |date= |access-date=5 December 2020 |url= https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms}}</ref> | * '''Role in society:''' "The ''biza'ah'' sometimes engage in the stereotypically feminine activities of their community such as the making of ceremonial candles."<ref name="DTAglobal">{{Cite web |title=Global Terms |author= |work=Digital Transgender Archive |date= |access-date=5 December 2020 |url=https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703064116/https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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For the past six centuries, the Bugis people of Indonesia have divided their society into five separate genders. All five must harmoniously coexist. They are ''oroané'' (cisgender men), ''makkunrai'' (cisgender women), ''calabai'' (analogous to transgender women), ''calalai'' (analogous to transgender men), and ''bissu'' (all aspects of gender combined to form a whole).<ref>"Sulawesi's fifth gender" . Inside Indonesia. https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104208/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66-apr-jun-2001/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-25.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf|title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia|publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies}}</ref> <ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Gender Diversity in Indonesia: Sexuality, Islam and Queer Selves (ASAA Women in Asia Series), Routledge, 2010.</ref><ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology), Wadsworth Publishing, 2006.</ref><ref>Pelras, Christian. The Bugis (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, 1997.</ref><ref name=Prezi>{{cite web |url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia |publisher=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |accessdate=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074825/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> | For the past six centuries, the Bugis people of Indonesia have divided their society into five separate genders. All five must harmoniously coexist. They are ''oroané'' (cisgender men), ''makkunrai'' (cisgender women), ''calabai'' (analogous to transgender women), ''calalai'' (analogous to transgender men), and ''bissu'' (all aspects of gender combined to form a whole).<ref>"Sulawesi's fifth gender" . Inside Indonesia. https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104208/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66-apr-jun-2001/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-25.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf|title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia|publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies|access-date=2022-04-08|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314234207/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Gender Diversity in Indonesia: Sexuality, Islam and Queer Selves (ASAA Women in Asia Series), Routledge, 2010.</ref><ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology), Wadsworth Publishing, 2006.</ref><ref>Pelras, Christian. The Bugis (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, 1997.</ref><ref name=Prezi>{{cite web |url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia |publisher=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |accessdate=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074825/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> | ||
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* '''Name of identity:''' called ''asog'' in groups in the Visayan islands, and ''bayok'' in the Luzon islands.<ref>http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue2/carolyn2.html</ref> | * '''Name of identity:''' called ''asog'' in groups in the Visayan islands, and ''bayok'' in the Luzon islands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue2/carolyn2.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527214023/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue2/carolyn2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
* '''Culture:''' indigenous peoples of the Philippines | * '''Culture:''' indigenous peoples of the Philippines | ||
* '''Era:''' traditional to present | * '''Era:''' traditional to present | ||
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In the Philippines, various pre-colonial ethnic groups had spiritual functionaries called ''babaylan'', ''balian'', or ''katalonan''. A few of them were AMAB people with a feminine gender expression called ''asog'' in groups in the Visayan islands and ''bayok'' in the Luzon islands.<ref>http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue2/carolyn2.html</ref> Persecution of non-Christian, non-Muslim people and the imposition of patriarchy and binary gender has led to the erasure of these social roles.<ref>https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=93lag7tXriIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | In the Philippines, various pre-colonial ethnic groups had spiritual functionaries called ''babaylan'', ''balian'', or ''katalonan''. A few of them were AMAB people with a feminine gender expression called ''asog'' in groups in the Visayan islands and ''bayok'' in the Luzon islands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue2/carolyn2.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527214023/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue2/carolyn2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Persecution of non-Christian, non-Muslim people and the imposition of patriarchy and binary gender has led to the erasure of these social roles.<ref>https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=93lag7tXriIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/content/two-spirits_map-html/ PBS: A Map of Gender-Diverse Cultures]. This is an interactive world map showing the locations of dozens of cultures that recognize nonbinary genders. | * [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/content/two-spirits_map-html/ PBS: A Map of Gender-Diverse Cultures]. This is an interactive world map showing the locations of dozens of cultures that recognize nonbinary genders. | ||
* [https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms Digital Transgender Archive: Global Terms] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703064116/https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms Digital Transgender Archive: Global Terms] | ||
* [https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/397872/understanding-the-pacific-s-alternative-genders Understanding the Pacific's alternative genders] | * [https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/397872/understanding-the-pacific-s-alternative-genders Understanding the Pacific's alternative genders] | ||
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