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Gender neutral language in French: Difference between revisions
→Endings with '-x' in the masculine
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|ma | |ma | ||
|''maon'' <small>[maõ]</small> | |''maon'' <small>[maõ]</small> | ||
|''man'' <small>[mɑ̃]/[man]</small>, mo, mi(ne), mian | |''man'' <small>[mɑ̃]/[man]</small>, mo, mi(ne), mian <small>[mjɑ̃]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2SG | !2SG | ||
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|sa | |sa | ||
|''saon'' <small>[saõ]</small> | |''saon'' <small>[saõ]</small> | ||
|''san'' <small>[sɑ̃]/[san]</small>, so, | |''san'' <small>[sɑ̃]/[san]</small>, so, si(ne) | ||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive adjectives 'mon', 'ton', and 'son', which are generally masculine, are also used as feminine possessive adjectives when combined with a feminine noun that begins (phonetically) with a vowel: 'mon amie', 'ton employée', 'son hôtesse', etc. Therefore, there is no need to use a possessive neologism in words starting with vowels, as the masculine and feminine gender are syncretized in this context. | The possessive adjectives 'mon', 'ton', and 'son', which are generally masculine, are also used as feminine possessive adjectives when combined with a feminine noun that begins (phonetically) with a vowel: 'mon amie', 'ton employée', 'son hôtesse', etc. Therefore, there is no need to use a possessive neologism in words starting with vowels, as the masculine and feminine gender are syncretized in this context. | ||
The pronunciation [sɑ̃] of 'san' is a homophone of 'sang' ('blood'). Alpheratz proposes 'mu(n)', 'tu(n)', 'su(n)'<ref name=":13" /> as synthetic forms. However, 'tu(n)' is a homophone of the subject pronoun 'tu', and <nowiki><u> — i. e. [y] — is a linguistically marked phone</nowiki>.<ref>Rice, K. (2007): Markedness in phonology. In: ''The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology'', 79–98. 10.1017/cbo9780511486371.005.</ref><ref>Carvalho, J. (2023): From binary features to elements: Implications for markedness theory and phonological acquisition. In: ''Radical: A Journal of Phonology'' ''3'', 346–384.</ref> Alternative forms could be 'mi(ne)', 'ti(ne)', 'sine', as only the roundness parameter (cf. [y] and [i] in the IPA) distinguishes them from the original neologisms from Alpheratz. ' | The pronunciation [sɑ̃] of 'san' is a homophone of 'sang' ('blood'). Alpheratz proposes 'mu(n)', 'tu(n)', 'su(n)'<ref name=":13" /> as synthetic forms. However, 'tu(n)' is a homophone of the subject pronoun 'tu', and <nowiki><u> — i. e. [y] — is a linguistically marked phone</nowiki>.<ref>Rice, K. (2007): Markedness in phonology. In: ''The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology'', 79–98. 10.1017/cbo9780511486371.005.</ref><ref>Carvalho, J. (2023): From binary features to elements: Implications for markedness theory and phonological acquisition. In: ''Radical: A Journal of Phonology'' ''3'', 346–384.</ref> Alternative forms could be 'mi(ne)', 'ti(ne)', 'sine', as only the roundness parameter (cf. [y] and [i] in the IPA) distinguishes them from the original neologisms from Alpheratz. 'si(ne)' could be pronounced with an '-ne' ending to avoid homophony with 'si' (i. e. 'if'). Similar-sounding possessive adjectives can be found in Spanish ('mi'), in English ('my'), in Swedish ('min', 'din', 'sin', the last one being a gender-neutral reflexive possessive pronoun),<ref>Duolingo Wiki: ''Swedish Skills. Possessives''. Online at:https://duolingo.fandom.com/wiki/Swedish_Skill:Possessives (18.12.2023).</ref> in Norwegian,<ref>Norwegian University of Science and Technology (no data): ''8 Grammar. Possessives''. Online at: https://www.ntnu.edu/now/8/grammar (retrieved 18.12.2023).</ref> in Swiss-German,<ref>Klaudia, K. (2017): ''Schweizerdeutsch. Schlüssel zu den Übungen.'' Online at: https://silo.tips/download/schweizerdeutsch-schlssel-zu-den-bungen (retrieved 18.12.2023).</ref> and in other Germanic languages. As 60% of of humans are multilingual,<ref>McGibney, S. (2023): ''What Percentage of the World’s Population is Bilingual? Introduction to Bilingualism: Exploring the Global Language Diversity''. Online at: https://www.newsdle.com/blog/world-population-bilingual-percentage (retrieved 18.12.2023).</ref> cross-linguistic influence could be used to facilitate the memorization and adoption of neologisms.<ref>Van Dijk, C./Van Wonderen, E./Koutamanis, E./Kootstra, G.J./Dijkstra, T./Unsworth, S. (2022): Cross-linguistic influence in simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children: a meta-analysis. In: ''J. Child Lang.'' ''49'', 897–929. 10.1017/S0305000921000337.</ref><ref>Van Dijk, C./Dijkstra, T./Unsworth, S. (2022): Cross-linguistic influence during online sentence processing in bilingual children. In: ''Bilingualism'' ''25'', 691–704. 10.1017/S1366728922000050.</ref> | ||
====Demonstrative adjective==== | ====Demonstrative adjective==== | ||
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|aucun <small>[ok<u>œ̃</u>]/[ok<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |aucun <small>[ok<u>œ̃</u>]/[ok<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|aucune <small>[oky<u>n</u>]</small> | |aucune <small>[oky<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | |aucueune <small>[ok<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
|''aucan'' <small>[okɑ̃]/[okan]</small> | |''aucan'' <small>[okɑ̃]/[okan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|chacun <small>[ʃak<u>œ̃</u>/[ʃak<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |chacun <small>[ʃak<u>œ̃</u>/[ʃak<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|chacune <small>[ʃaky<u>n</u>]</small> | |chacune <small>[ʃaky<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | |chacueune <small>[ʃak<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
|''chacan'' <small>[ʃakɑ̃]/[ʃakan]</small> | |''chacan'' <small>[ʃakɑ̃]/[ʃakan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|certain <small>[sɛʁt<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |certain <small>[sɛʁt<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|certaine <small>[sɛʁtɛ<u>n</u>]</small> | |certaine <small>[sɛʁtɛ<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|''certan'' <small>[sɛʁtɑ̃]/[sɛʁtan]</small> | |''certan'' <small>[sɛʁtɑ̃]/[sɛʁtan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|quelqu'un <small>[kɛlk<u>œ̃</u>]/[kɛlk<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |quelqu'un <small>[kɛlk<u>œ̃</u>]/[kɛlk<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|quelqu'une <small>[kɛlky<u>n</u>]</small> | |quelqu'une <small>[kɛlky<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|quelqu' | |quelqu'eune <small>[kɛlk<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
|quelqu'an <small>[kɛlkɑ̃]/[kɛlkan]</small> | |||
|} | |} | ||
The indefinite pronoun 'quelqu'une' is extremely rare in modern French and its pendant 'quelqu'un' not necessarily perceived as masculine,<ref>Liam (2023): Coming out day. 11.10.2023. Mon vécu de coming out. In: ''ekivock.nb'' (Instagram account). Online at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CyP-j_Tobbj/?img_index=3.</ref> thus it is not clear how essential the degendering of this pronoun is. | The indefinite pronoun 'quelqu'une' is extremely rare in modern French and its pendant 'quelqu'un' not necessarily perceived as masculine,<ref>Liam (2023): Coming out day. 11.10.2023. Mon vécu de coming out. In: ''ekivock.nb'' (Instagram account). Online at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CyP-j_Tobbj/?img_index=3.</ref> thus it is not clear how essential the degendering of this pronoun is. | ||
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|amoureux | |amoureux | ||
|amoureuse | |amoureuse | ||
| | |amoureuseux | ||
|amoureuxe [amuʁøks] | |amoureuxe [amuʁøks] | ||
amouré·e | |||
|- | |- | ||
!-eux/-esse | !-eux/-esse | ||
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| écrivain <small>[Ekʁiv<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | | écrivain <small>[Ekʁiv<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|écrivaine <small>[Ekʁivɛ<u>n</u>]</small> | |écrivaine <small>[Ekʁivɛ<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|''écrivan'' <small>[Ekʁivɑ̃]/[Ekʁivan]</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!-ain/-ine | !-ain/-ine | ||
|copain <small>[kɔp<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |copain <small>[kɔp<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|copine <small>[kɔpi<u>n</u>]</small> | |copine <small>[kɔpi<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | |''cop<u>aine</u>'' <small>[kɔpɛn]</small> | ||
| | |copan <small>[kɔpɑ̃]/[kɔpan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!-in/-ine | !-in/-ine | ||
|cousin <small>[kuz<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |cousin <small>[kuz<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|cousine <small>[kuzi<u>n</u>]</small> | |cousine <small>[kuzi<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | |''cousaine'' <small>[kuz<u>ɛn</u>]</small> | ||
| | |cousan <small>[kuzɑ̃]/[kuzan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!-an/-anne | !-an/-anne | ||
|paysan <small>[pɛiz<u>ɑ̃</u>]</small> | |paysan <small>[pɛiz<u>ɑ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|paysanne <small>[pɛiza<u>n</u>]</small> | |paysanne <small>[pɛiza<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | |paysaine <small>[pɛizɛn]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!-ien/-ienne | !-ien/-ienne | ||
|citoyen <small>[sitwaj<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |citoyen <small>[sitwaj<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|citoyenne <small>[sitwajɛ<u>n</u>]</small> | |citoyenne <small>[sitwajɛ<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|''citoyan'' <small>[sitwajɑ̃]/[sitwajan]</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!-un/-une<sup>1</sup> | !-un/-une<sup>1</sup> | ||
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|brune <small>[bʁy<u>n</u>]</small> | |brune <small>[bʁy<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|brunn <small>[bʁ<u>œ̃n</u>]/[bʁ<u>ɛ̃n</u>]</small> | |brunn <small>[bʁ<u>œ̃n</u>]/[bʁ<u>ɛ̃n</u>]</small> | ||
|braine, ''bran'' | |braine, ''bran'' <small>[bʁɑ̃]/[bʁan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!-un/-une<sup>2</sup> | !-un/-une<sup>2</sup> | ||
|opportun <small>[ɔpɔʁt<u>œ̃</u>]/[ɔpɔʁt<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | |opportun <small>[ɔpɔʁt<u>œ̃</u>]/[ɔpɔʁt<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|opportune <small>[ɔpɔʁty<u>n</u>]</small> | |opportune <small>[ɔpɔʁty<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | |opportaine | ||
| opportan <small>[ɔpɔʁtɑ̃]/[ɔpɔʁtan]</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!-on/-onne | !-on/-onne | ||
|mignon <small>[miɲ<u>õ</u>]</small> | |mignon <small>[miɲ<u>õ</u>]</small> | ||
|mignonne <small>[miɲɔ<u>n</u>]</small> | |mignonne <small>[miɲɔ<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|mignaine, ''mignan'' <small>[miɲɑ̃]/[miɲan]</small> | |||
|} | |} | ||
The '-aine' suffix has gained popularity. However, its use in monosyllabic words like 'brun·e' may hinder comprehension, which could explain why 'bran', a form that preserves the nasality of the final vowel while only changing its place of articulation, is more widespread. Words with a '-ien/-ienne' (and obviously also '-ain/-aine') suffix cannot form a synthetic gender-neutral form with '-aine', as this would result in a word pronounced exactly the same way as the feminine one (cf. 'citoyenne'). Here, the synthetical neutral forms created with '-an' only retain masculine phonetic traits (i. e. its manner of articulation — vocalic — and its nasality trait — which is positive). Theoretically, this could lead to similar issues as discussed in the Endings from Latin '-or' and '-rix' subchapter. The same could be true with synthetic gender-neutral forms ending in '-aine', but this time in favour of the feminine. However, even though the suffix '-aine' could sound feminine, the resulting form is still easily distinguishable from the original one, since the vowels implied are oral and not nasal, and can therefore be less easily mistaken for mispronunciations — while 'écrivan', 'citoyan' and 'bran' could be (for more information, see the Indefinite and definite article subchapter). | The '-aine' suffix has gained popularity. However, its use in monosyllabic words like 'brun·e' may hinder comprehension, which could explain why 'bran', a form that preserves the nasality of the final vowel while only changing its place of articulation, is more widespread. Words with a '-ien/-ienne' (and obviously also '-ain/-aine') suffix cannot form a synthetic gender-neutral form with '-aine', as this would result in a word pronounced exactly the same way as the feminine one (cf. 'citoyenne'). Here, the synthetical neutral forms created with '-an' only retain masculine phonetic traits (i. e. its manner of articulation — vocalic — and its nasality trait — which is positive). Theoretically, this could lead to similar issues as discussed in the Endings from Latin '-or' and '-rix' subchapter. The same could be true with synthetic gender-neutral forms ending in '-aine', but this time in favour of the feminine. However, even though the suffix '-aine' could sound feminine, the resulting form is still easily distinguishable from the original one, since the vowels implied are oral and not nasal, and can therefore be less easily mistaken for mispronunciations — while 'écrivan', 'citoyan' and 'bran' could be (for more information, see the Indefinite and definite article subchapter). | ||