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[[File:Butch Femme Society by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|325px|Lesbian Butch/Femme Society march in New York City's Gay Pride Parade (2007).]]
'''Butch''' is an [[LGBTQ|LGBTQ+]] masculine [[gender expression]] or [[gender identity]]. While many people who identify as butch use the term in reference to their gender expression, others claim it as a [[nonbinary]] identity in itself, notably [[Leslie Feinberg]], who defined butch as a gender neither male nor female. Butch is an identity that emerged in [[lesbian]] and bisexual culture in the 1940s, before there was a stark distinction in the community between types of women who were attracted to other women.. Stereotypically, butches take the dominant role in relationships with [[Femme|femmes]]. Many lesbians have complicated relationships with gender, and may identify as simply butch. Butch is an identity that can be held by people of various queer sexual orientations and can belong to both cisgender and trans individuals.
Depending on the community in question, butch people may call themselves by different terms. In LGBT communities of people of color, there may be a preference for the words '''aggressive''' ('''ag''' for short) or '''stud''', with much the same meaning as butch.
==Etymology==
The origin of the word "butch" is uncertain. The word ''butch'', meaning "masculine", may have been coined by abbreviating the word ''butcher'', as first noted in George Cassidy's nickname, ''Butch Cassidy''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Ja'nina|date=March 2012|title=Butch Bottom–Femme Top? An Exploration of Lesbian Stereotypes.|journal=Journal of Lesbian Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=90–107|doi=10.1080/10894160.2011.557646|pmid=22239455}}</ref>
"Butch" can be used as an adjective or a noun<ref name="Bergman 2006">{{cite book|last=Bergman|first=S. Bear|title=Butch is a noun|year=2006|publisher=Suspect Thoughts Press|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-9771582-5-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jmyfdmsWjiEC&dq=butch+is+a+noun}}</ref> to describe an individual's [[gender]] or gender performance. A masculine person of any gender can be described as butch, even though it is more common to use the term towards females with more masculine traits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Christine A.|last2=Konik|first2=Julie A.|last3= Tuve|first3=Melanie V.|title=In Search of Looks, Status, or Something Else? Partner Preferences Among Butch and Femme Lesbians and Heterosexual Men and Women|date=2011|volume=64|issue=9–10|pages=658–668|journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]]|doi=10.1007/s11199-010-9861-8|issn=0360-0025|accessdate=May 1, 2016|url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=2bc637f5-dab5-4003-a000-13cf76217d23%40sessionmgr4003&vid=0&hid=4114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d&preview=false#AN=60686417&db=a9h}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The term butch tends to denote a degree of masculinity displayed by a female individual beyond what would be considered typical of a tomboy. It is not uncommon for women with a butch appearance to face harassment or violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/our-work/nationalstudy/|title=2014 National Street Harassment Report - Stop Street Harassment|author=|date=|website=stopstreetharassment.org|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> A 1990s survey of butches showed that 50% were primarily attracted to femmes, while 25% reported being usually attracted to other butches.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caramagno|first=Thomas C.|title=Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0275977214|pages=138|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IIHQH001Bc8C&dq=faggot+butch}}</ref>
BUTCH Voices, a national conference for "individuals who are masculine of center", including [[gender variant]], was founded in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=https://www.butchvoices.com/about/|website=BUTCH Voices|date=April 9, 2009|accessdate=11 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219140900/http://www.butchvoices.com/about/|archivedate=December 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BUTCH Voices Conference Makes Masculine Of Center Womyn Heard|url=http://www.curvemag.com/Events/BUTCH-Voices-Conference-Makes-Masculine-Of-Center-Womyn-Heard-1874/|website=[[Curve (magazine)|Curve]]|date=May 8, 2017|accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref>
==Attributes==
There is debate about to whom the terms butch and femme can apply, and particularly whether transgender individuals can be identified in this way. For example, Jack Halberstam argues that [[Binary genders#Transgender_men|transgender men]] cannot be considered butch, since it constitutes a conflation of maleness with butchness. He further argues that butch–femme is uniquely geared to work in lesbian relationships.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caramagno|first=Thomas C.|title=Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0275977214|pages=137–8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IIHQH001Bc8C&dq=faggot+butch}}</ref> Stereotypes and definitions of butch and femme vary greatly, even within tight-knit [[LGBT]] communities.  On the other hand, the writer Jewelle Gomez muses that butch and femme women in the earlier twentieth century may have been expressing their closeted transgender identity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Munt|first=Sally|title=Butch/Femme: Inside Lesbian Gender|year=1998|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0304339594|page=229|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1G5M13Xida0C&dq=jewelle+gomez+femme}}</ref><ref name=Coyote>{{cite book|editor1-last=Coyote|editor1-first=Ivan E.|editor2-last=Sharman|editor2-first=Zena|title=Persistence: All Ways Butch and Femme|date=2011|pages=67–78|chapter=Femme Butch Feminist, by Jewelle Gomez|publisher=[[Arsenal Pulp Press]]|location=Vancouver, B.C., Canada|isbn=978-1551523972}}</ref> Antipathy toward female butches and male femmes has been interpreted by some commentators as [[transphobia]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xBb55sOOIX4C&dq=Butch+femme+transphobia|title=Female Impersonation|last=Tyler|first=Carol-Ann|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-91688-2|pages=91}}</ref> although female butches and male femmes are not always [[transgender]], and indeed some heterosexuals of both genders display these attributes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vagendamagazine.com/2015/01/theres-no-other-georgy-deep-inside-coming-out-as-a-butch-straight-woman/|title=There's No Other Georgy Deep Inside – Coming Out As A Butch Straight Woman - The Vagenda|author=|date=|website=vagendamagazine.com|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thoughtcatalog.com/james-hunt/2015/05/confessions-of-a-feminine-straight-guy/|title=Confessions Of A Feminine Straight Guy|author=|date=14 May 2015|website=thoughtcatalog.com|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref>
Scholars such as Judith Butler and Anne Fausto-Sterling suggest that butch and femme are not attempts to take up "traditional" gender roles. Instead, they argue that gender is socially and historically constructed, rather than essential, "natural", or biological. The historian Joan Nestle argues that femme and butch may be seen as distinct genders in and of themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nestle|first=Joan|title=The Persistent Desire: A Femme–Butch Reader|year=1992|publisher=Alyson Publications|isbn=978-1555831905|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3u9ZAAAAMAAJ&q=The+persistent+desire&dq=The+persistent+desire}}</ref>
==Difference between butch and male==
Although butch is a masculine identity, it isn't the same thing as conventional manhood or masculinity. There are differences, particularly in how conventional manhood and masculinity involve conformity, whereas the [[MOGII]] qualities of butch make it subversive.
Butch gender expression through clothing doesn't follow the rules for how to dress conventionally as male or masculine, and in some ways is intentionally different. Butch clothing doesn't look the same as conventional men's wear. See the main article about these [[Clothing#Masculine fashion|clothing differences]].
Masculinity is different than maleness. Butches are different than transgender men. Although transgender men were assigned female at birth (or sometimes intersex), and some identified as lesbian before recognizing that they were trans men, the difference is that butch lesbians generally identify as women, and feel attracted to women, whereas trans men identify as men, and may or may not feel attracted to women.
==Transgender butches==
While the term "transgender butch" could apply to a masculine trans person, regardless of [[sex#Gender assigned at birth|gender assigned at birth]], the term is often used in a more specific sense to describe a person who was assigned female at birth, has a masculine gender expression, and experiences [[gender dysphoria]] while identifying as butch rather than male or another gender. Transgender butches may identify as [[genderqueer]] or [[nonbinary]]; some claim butch as a specific nonbinary identity. Transgender butches may also identify as lesbians or dykes independently of their gender identity. A similar term is "stone butch", which describes a butch who prefers to avoid genital stimulation in sexual settings, sometimes due to [[gender dysphoria]].
=== Other terms ===
Some  women in lesbian communities eschew butch or femme classifications, believing that they are inadequate to describe an individual, or that labels are limiting in and of themselves. Other people within the LGBT community have tailored the common labels to be more descriptive, such as "soft stud," "hard butch," "gym queen," or "tomboy femme." Comedian Elvira Kurt contributed the term "fellagirly" as a description for LGBT women who are not strictly either femme or butch, but a combination. In the 1950s and 1960s, the term chi-chi was used to mean the same thing.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
Those who identify as butch and femme today often use the words to define their presentation and gender identity rather than strictly the role they play in a relationship, and that not all butches are attracted exclusively to femmes and not all femmes are exclusively attracted to butches, a departure from the historic norm. Besides the terms "butch" and "femme", there are a number of other terms used to describe the dress codes, the sexual behaviours, and/or the gender identities of the sexual subcultures who use them. The meanings of these terms vary and can evolve over time.
A butch woman may be described as a "stone butch", "diesel dyke"<ref name="The Other Team">{{cite web|url=http://www.theotherteam.com/common-lesbian-slang-and-terminology/|title=Common lesbian slang and terminology|publisher=The Other Team|accessdate=November 29, 2016}}</ref> "bulldyke", "bull bitch" or "bulldagger"<ref name="haggerty">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvt8el4QtPwC&dq=Bulldyke&q=Bull%20bitch+%2Bbulldyker#v=onepage&q=Bulldagger%20Also%20bulldyke&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian And Gay Histories and Cultures, Vol 1|last=Haggerty|first=George E.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=978-0815333548}}</ref> or simply just as a "dyke". The term boi is typically used by younger LGBT women. Defining the difference between a butch and a boi, one boi told a reporter: "that sense of play - that's a big difference from being a butch. To me, butch is like an adult...You're the man of the house."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/n_9709/|title=Where the Bois Are|last=Levy|first=Ariel|newspaper=New York News and Features|accessdate=November 29, 2016}}</ref> There is also an emerging usage of the terms soft butch "stem" (stud-femme), "futch" (feminine butch)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JTpUfGcsATwC&dq=futch+lesbian|title=Queer: The Ultimate LGBT Guide for Teens|last=Belge|first=Kathy|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2011|isbn=9780547687322|pages=10}}</ref> or "chapstick lesbian" as terms for women who have characteristics of both butch and femme. Lesbians who are unisex and neither butch nor femme are called "androgynous" or "andros".<ref name="The Other Team" />
Another common term is "stud". A stud is a dominant lesbian, usually butch. They tend to be influenced by urban and hip-hop cultures and are often, but not always, Afro-American. In the New York City lesbian community, a butch may identify herself as AG (aggressive) or as a stud. In 2005, filmmaker Eric Daniel Peddle chronicled the lives of AGs in his documentary The Aggressives, following six women who went to lengths like [[binding|binding their breasts]] to pass as men. But Peddle says that today, very young lesbians of color in New York are creating a new, insular scene that's largely cut off from the rest of the gay and lesbian community. "A lot of it has to do with this kind of pressure to articulate and express your masculinity within the confines of the hip-hop paradigm..."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-04-03/nyc-life/girls-to-men/|title=Girls to Men|last=Hilliard|first=Chloe|newspaper=The Village Voice}}</ref> The AG culture has also been represented on film by Black lesbian filmmaker Dee Rees' 2011 work, ''Pariah''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/movies/pariah-reveals-another-side-of-being-black-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=New Directors Flesh Out Black America, All Of It|last=George|first=Nelson|date=December 23, 2011|newspaper=New York Times|accessdate=November 29, 2016}}</ref>
==Stone butch==
Going back to at least the 1960s or 50s, a "stone butch" is a masculine lesbian.<ref name=Halberstam>{{Cite book|last1=Halberstam|first1=Judith|title=Female Masculinity|year=1998|edition=1st|page=111|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|location=|chapter=Lesbian Masculinity: Even Stone Butches Get the Blues|isbn=0822322269|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi}}</ref> A "stone" is one who has a sexual role in which they enjoy bringing pleasure to their partners, but do not like being touched on their own genitals.<ref name=Zimmerman1999>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Zimmerman|editor-first1=Bonnie|title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures|year=1999|edition=1st|page=140|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=|isbn=978-0815319207|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim}}</ref> Being "stone" in this way can be connected with sexual trauma, gender dysphoria, or the [[Romantic and sexual_orientation#Asexuality|asexual spectrum]] (not feeling certain types of sexual attraction).
==Soft butch==
A '''soft butch''', or '''stem''' ('''stud-fem'''), is a [[lesbian]] who exhibits some stereotypical butch traits without fitting the masculine stereotype associated with butch lesbians. Soft butch is on the spectrum of butch, as are stone butch and masculine, whereas on the contrary, ultra fem, high femme, and lipstick lesbian are some labels on the spectrum of lesbians with a more prominent expression of femininity, also known as [[Femme|femmes]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Christine A.|last2=Stillman|first2=Shannon|title=Do Butch and Femme Still Attract?|journal=The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide|date=2003|volume=X|issue=4}}</ref> Soft butches have gender identities of women, but primarily display masculine characteristics; soft butches predominantly express masculinity with a touch of femininity.<ref name="rose">{{cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=Dawn|last2=Plaskow|first2=Judith|title=Yusuf Come Home: Parashat Miketz (genesis 41:1-44:17)|journal=Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible|date=2009|page=62}}</ref>
The "hardness", or label depicting one's level of masculine expression as a butch is dependent upon the fluidity of her [[gender expression]].<ref name="halberstam">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UYAi9OEYRekC&pg=PA123&dq=soft+butch&cd=4#v=onepage&q=%22soft%20butch%22&f=false|title=Female Masculinity|first=Judith|last=Halberstam|authorlink=Judith Halberstam|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=1998|edition=5page=123|isbn=978-0-8223-2243-6}}</ref> Soft butches might want to express themselves through their clothing and hairstyle in a more masculine way, but their behavior in a more traditionally feminine way.<ref name="rose"/> For example, these traits of a soft butch may or may not include short hair, clothing that was designed for men, and masculine mannerisms and behaviors. Soft butches generally appear [[androgynous]], rather than adhering to strictly feminine or masculine norms and [[gender identity|gender identities.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Coming-Out Process of Young Lesbian and Bisexual Women: Are There Butch/Femme Differences in Sexual Identity Development?|journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior|date = 2007-09-26|issn = 0004-0002|pmc = 3189348|pmid = 17896173|pages = 34–49|volume = 38|issue = 1|doi = 10.1007/s10508-007-9221-0|language = en|first = Margaret|last = Rosario|first2 = Eric W.|last2 = Schrimshaw|first3 = Joyce|last3 = Hunter|first4 = Anna|last4 = Levy-Warren}}</ref> Soft butches generally physically, sexually, and romantically express themselves in more masculine than feminine ways in the majority of those categories.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=Karen|last2=McKenzie|first2=Matthew|title=Love on a Continuum|journal=Social and Economic Studies|date=2011|volume=60|issue=1|page=118}}</ref>
In addition to a soft butch's gender expression through her outward appearance, she also has a distinctive way of sexually expressing herself. Soft butch women might want to have a more passive role sexually or romantically in their relationships, which is generally associated with feminine sexual behavior.<ref name="rose"/> This is an example of how a soft butch's sexuality and outward appearance are not completely masculine, but have some feminine traits. Conversely, stone butches are less fluid in their sexuality and do not want to receive sexual contact from their sexual partners.<ref name="halberstam"/> This desire to express both masculinity and femininity through one's gender and sexuality is clearly seen in soft butch women, but also across many people of a variety of sexual orientations.<ref name="rose"/>
== Notable butch people ==
''See main article: [[Notable nonbinary people]]''
There are many more [[notable nonbinary people|notable people who have a gender identity outside of the binary]]. The following are only some of those notable people who specifically use the word "butch" (or a close analog to it) for themselves as a gender identity.
* [[Leslie Feinberg]] (1949 - 2014) was a revolutionary communist who identified as "butch" in the sense of a queer transgender identity neither female nor male.
''Please help expand this section.''
== Butch characters in fiction ==
''See main article: [[Nonbinary gender in fiction#Nonbinary genders in fiction|Nonbinary gender in fiction]]''
There are many more [[Nonbinary gender in fiction#Nonbinary genders in fiction|nonbinary characters in fiction who have a gender identity outside of the binary]]. The following are only some of those characters who are specifically called by the word "butch" (or a close analog to it) as a gender identity, either in their canon, or by their creators.
* Jess Goldberg in the semi-autobiographical novel ''Stone Butch Blues'' by [[Leslie Feinberg]].
''Please help expand this section.''
==See also==
*[[Femme]]
*[[Boi]]
*[[Tomboy]]
==External Links==
*[http://www.butchtastic.net/butch-genderqueer-genderfluid-genderfuck-and-trans-blogs-to-watch-out-for/ Butchtastic: Butch, Genderqueer, Genderfluid, Genderfuck and Trans Blogs to watch out for]
*[http://debonairgeek.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/deep-thoughts/ Debonair Geek's Blog: Deep Thoughts]
*[http://www.amazon.com/Stone-Butch-Blues-Leslie-Feinberg/dp/1459608453 Stone Butch Blues by Leslie Feinberg]
*[https://susans.org/wiki/Butch_and_femme Susan's Place Transgender Resource Wiki: Butch and Femme]
*[https://susans.org/wiki/Soft_butch Susan's Place Transgender Resource Wiki: Soft Butch]
*[https://susans.org/wiki/Stone_butch Susan's Place Transgender Resources Wiki: Stone Butch]
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Nonbinary identities]]
[[Category:Nonbinary identities]]
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