Gender neutral language: Difference between revisions

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(→‎French: language proofreading + rephrasing potentially controversial claims in a more neutral tone)
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''See also: [[Glossary of French gender and sex terminology]].''
''See also: [[Glossary of French gender and sex terminology]].''


French, like other romance languages, traditionally only has two grammatical genders : masculine and feminine. Standard French is also filled with sexist rules which have been codified and added to the language over the centuries by different people and male-led institutions like the Académie Française. Such rules include the use generic masculine, or state that "the masculine overpowers the feminine", meaning that, for example, when referring to a group made up of 10.000 women and 1 man, one should use the masculine "ils" and not the feminine "elles". French inclusive language refuses such rules, and feminist and queer activists have developed over the last few decades different ways to adapt the French language to be more inclusive of women and gender minorities.  
French, like other romance languages, traditionally only has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. Additionally, according to the standard language rules, masculine is always treated as the generic gender, meaning that a mixed-gender group will always be referred to in masculine (and not in feminine, unless everyone is a woman). French inclusive language refuses such rules, and feminist and queer activists have developed over the last few decades different ways to adapt the French language to be more inclusive of women and gender minorities.  


However, there is not one single way to speak inclusively in French, but rather, there are a wide variety of tools and workarounds one can use to adapt one's language. It should also be noted that the "mainstream" inclusive language used by an ever growing number or people, journals and institutions aims at being inclusive of women. These changes, albeit fairly minimal, are still very controversial with certain people. The problem of a language inclusive of non-binary people hasn't yet reached the mainstream debate and remains mostly confined within queer and feminist circles.  
However, there is not one single way to speak inclusively in French, but rather, there are a wide variety of tools and workarounds one can use to adapt one's language. It should also be noted that the "mainstream" inclusive language used by an ever growing number or people, journals and institutions aims at being inclusive of women. These changes, albeit fairly minimal, are still very controversial with certain people. The problem of a language inclusive of nonbinary people hasn't yet reached the mainstream debate and remains mostly confined within queer and feminist circles.  


Finally, as it is not officially recognised, it is important to mention that inclusive French might not be accepted in contexts where formal language is expected; such as exams, language proficiency tests, official documents etc.  
Finally, as it is not officially recognised, it is important to mention that inclusive French might not be accepted in contexts where formal language is expected; such as exams, language proficiency tests, official documents etc.  
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=== Gender neutral pronouns ===
=== Gender neutral pronouns ===


==== when referring to a single person: ====
==== Singular pronouns ====
These pronouns are considered neopronouns and are used to refer to non-binary people or someone who's gender is unknown. They are not formally recognised and are not usually used in what could be called "mainstream inclusive French". Their use is mostly limited to non-binary people, feminist and queer circles as well as the internet. Because nothing is codified, there are almost no limits on what can be used and a wide variety of options have been created and adopted by different people. Due to these circumstances, it is common for french gender non-conforming people to accept different sets of pronouns/neopronouns or any pronouns/neopronouns. The lists bellow are not exhaustive.   
These pronouns are considered neopronouns and are used to refer to nonbinary people or someone whose gender is unknown. They are not formally recognised and are not usually used in what could be called "mainstream inclusive French". Their use is mostly limited to nonbinary people, feminist and queer circles as well as the internet. Because nothing is codified, there are almost no limits on what can be used and a wide variety of options have been created and adopted by different people. Due to these circumstances, it is common for French gender non-conforming people to accept different sets of pronouns/neopronouns or any pronouns/neopronouns. The lists below are not exhaustive.   
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!subject pronouns
!Subject pronouns
!use
!use
!Exemples
!Exemples
|-
|-
|'''iel''' (can also be spelled ''ielle'', ''yel'' or ''yelle'')
|'''iel''' (can also be spelled ''ielle'', ''yel'' or ''yelle'')
|The most common spelling is "''iel''". It is the main gender neutral pronoun used in French and is a contraction of the two binary pronouns "''il''" and "''elle''". For that reason some non-binary people do not find it adequate and prefer to use other neutral alternatives. It is also used to refer to someone who's gender is yet to be determined.
|The most common spelling is "''iel''". It is the main gender neutral pronoun used in French and is a contraction of the two binary pronouns "''il''" and "''elle''". For that reason some nonbinary people do not find it adequate and prefer to use other neutral alternatives. It is also used to refer to someone whose gender is yet to be determined.
|"'''Iel''' est non-binaire. '''Iel''' n'est ni un garçon, ni une fille".
|"'''Iel''' est non-binaire. '''Iel''' n'est ni un garçon, ni une fille".


Revision as of 20:34, 15 January 2020

Template:Information Required Gender-neutral language, also called gender-inclusive language, is the practice of using words that don't give an idea of someone being female or male. For example, the word "fireman" gives the idea that a person in that work is male. An offer for a job as a "cleaning lady" gives the idea that only a woman should do the job. The gender-neutral alternatives are to say "fire fighter" and "janitor," respectively. Then it is easier to see that these jobs can be done by a person of any gender. Gender-neutral language is important in feminism, because changing the way that people talk can help make sexist ideas less common. For example, the sexist idea that some jobs should only be done by people of certain genders.

Gender-neutral language is also important to many people who have non-binary gender identities. For one reason, this kind of talk helps fight against nonbinary erasure, which is the common but wrong and sexist idea that there are only two genders. Since gender-neutral language doesn't give the idea that a person is male or female, it can also apply to people who identify as other genders, outside of the gender binary. Non-binary people can ask to be talked about in this way.

Chinese

See also: Glossary of Chinese gender and sex terminology.

Pronouns

  • tā. Verbally all gendered pronouns sound the same, and so they technically can be gender neutral.

Titles

  • 先生 (xian sheng). A gender neutral term to refer to a teacher, a new acquaintance with whom you are unfamiliar, or anyone with whom you are not on a first-name basis, though it is usually masculine-based.
  • 师傅 (shi fu). A gender neutral term, though it is usually masculine-based, conveying respect to someone if you don't know their name, and it means "master."
  • 老师 (lao shi). Standard word for teacher.
  • 博士 (bo shi). Standard word for professor.
  • 老板 (lao ban). Standard term for one's boss (say at work).
  • 同学 (tong xue). Standard term for one's classmates

Family Terms

  • 孩子 (hai zi). Standard gender neutral term for child.
  • 家长 (jia zhang). Standard gender neutral term for parent.

Professions

  • 服务员 (fu wu yuan). Standard word for server and/or gender neutral term for waiter/waitress.

Romantic

  • 对象 (dui xiang). Term that means one's romantic partner. It is gender neutral.
  • 配偶 (pei ou). Term that means one's partner in marriage. It is gender neutral.

Dutch

See gender neutral language in Dutch.

English

This section has its own article at Gender neutral language in English.

French

See also: Glossary of French gender and sex terminology.

French, like other romance languages, traditionally only has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. Additionally, according to the standard language rules, masculine is always treated as the generic gender, meaning that a mixed-gender group will always be referred to in masculine (and not in feminine, unless everyone is a woman). French inclusive language refuses such rules, and feminist and queer activists have developed over the last few decades different ways to adapt the French language to be more inclusive of women and gender minorities.

However, there is not one single way to speak inclusively in French, but rather, there are a wide variety of tools and workarounds one can use to adapt one's language. It should also be noted that the "mainstream" inclusive language used by an ever growing number or people, journals and institutions aims at being inclusive of women. These changes, albeit fairly minimal, are still very controversial with certain people. The problem of a language inclusive of nonbinary people hasn't yet reached the mainstream debate and remains mostly confined within queer and feminist circles.

Finally, as it is not officially recognised, it is important to mention that inclusive French might not be accepted in contexts where formal language is expected; such as exams, language proficiency tests, official documents etc.

Gender neutral pronouns

Singular pronouns

These pronouns are considered neopronouns and are used to refer to nonbinary people or someone whose gender is unknown. They are not formally recognised and are not usually used in what could be called "mainstream inclusive French". Their use is mostly limited to nonbinary people, feminist and queer circles as well as the internet. Because nothing is codified, there are almost no limits on what can be used and a wide variety of options have been created and adopted by different people. Due to these circumstances, it is common for French gender non-conforming people to accept different sets of pronouns/neopronouns or any pronouns/neopronouns. The lists below are not exhaustive.

Subject pronouns use Exemples
iel (can also be spelled ielle, yel or yelle) The most common spelling is "iel". It is the main gender neutral pronoun used in French and is a contraction of the two binary pronouns "il" and "elle". For that reason some nonbinary people do not find it adequate and prefer to use other neutral alternatives. It is also used to refer to someone whose gender is yet to be determined. "Iel est non-binaire. Iel n'est ni un garçon, ni une fille".


"Quelqu'un a mangé le dernier gâteau au chocolat. Je ne sais pas qui c'est, mais iel aurait quand même pu en laisser un morceau pour les autres".

ille Just like "iel", "ille" is a contraction of "il" and "elle", and therefore faces the same criticism. Its pronunciation can easily sound like the masculine "il" if the last syllable is not accentuated enough. It could either be considered a problem or an advantage depending on how one looks at it. An alternative pronunciation could be \ij\. "Ille est arrivé-e hier soir"
el Just like "iel", "el" is a contraction of "il" and "elle", and therefore faces the same criticism. Its pronunciation sounds like the feminine "elle". It could either be considered a problem or an advantage depending on how one looks at it.
ul or ol These pronouns are usually preferred by those who's gender identity falls mostly or completely outside the gender binary. They are the most common gender neutral pronouns after "iel". "Ul est parti en vacance. Ol va lea rejoindre dans quelques jours".
ael "Ael" also does not stem from a mix between "il" and "elle". Although any types of agreement can be used, it is most often paired with "-ae". "Ael est allae en Australie pendant deux semaines"
Object pronouns use exemples
lea It is the main gender neutral object pronoun. It is used to refer to non-binary people or someone who's gender is yet unknown. It is often paired with "iel" "Iel est arrivé-e à la gare, je ne vais pas tarder à aller lea chercher"
Lo


German

This section has its own article at Gender neutral language in German.

Hindi

See also: Glossary of Hindi gender and sex terminology.


Italian

Italian, as with other romance languages, presents challenges for inclusivity of non-binary genders in that grammatically there only exists masculine and feminine genders. Although it descended from Latin, which had 3 genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), it has since lost its neuter form. Nevertheless, different approaches might be transform the way Italian is spoken to make it more gender inclusive.

Nouns

Italian has masculine and feminine grammatical genders, although some nouns ending in -e (singular)/ -i (plural) hint at a suggested neutral form not dissimilar from gender ambiguous nouns in Spanish (ex. el estudiante and la gente both end in -e even though they are gendered masculine and feminine). One idea therefore may be to use these endings for nouns to neutralize language. Possible noun endings that could work:

  • -e/-i, already present in standard Italian
  • -en/is, nonstandard and not regularly used, taking from latin endings
  • -u/un/us, nonstandard, taking from latin endings.
  • -@, similar to "chic@s" in Spanish
  • -', In American Italian pidgin, most words are often shortened of their final vowel, and additionally have been used neutrally. (ex. Regazzo/a would turn into regazz'). This way of speaking is often associated from Italian Mobsters, however, and is likewise a product of suppression during cultural assimilation.
  • - *, in similar usage to the ' in American Italian Pidgin, the asterisk is used at the end of words to represent gender neutral vowels. This method has been used by Queer Italian activists and even has been sported in some italian pride media.

Personal Pronouns

  • Loi, non-standard italian, not reguarlarly used (nonbinary option as "singular they")
  • Ilu, nonstandard italian, status of use unknown
  • Il@, nonstandard Italian, status of use unknown
  • Lau, nonstandard italian, status of use unknown.
  • Leu, nonstandard italian, status of use unknown.

Irish

The irish language (Gaeilige) presents some challenges to creating a gender neutral way of speaking. Every noun is gendered in either masculine or feminine grammatical gender, with accompanied binary forms for adjective agreement, pronouns and prepositions.

Nouns

Nouns in Irish are categorized into masculine and feminine grammatical genders, which in turn dictate the way nouns behave with the definitive articles "an" and "na", initial consonant mutations and the formation of adjectives. Gendered nouns correspond to gendered pronouns as stand ins (ex. masculine, Sé, or feminine, Sí). Nouns do seem to possess standard endings for the most part, although there are some exceptions. Irish nouns have 4 grammatical cases: nominative/accusative, vocative, genitive and prepositional.

Masculine endings include the following

  • ending in a broad consonant
  • occupational nouns ending in -óir/oir, -éir/eir, -úir/uir
  • single syllable words ending in -eacht or -acht
  • end with the masculine diminutives -ín or -án
  • end with -ste
  • most loan words are masculine (including derivatives using -ach)

Feminine endings include:

  • ending in a slender consonant
  • multiple syllable words ending in -eacht, -acht, or íocht.
  • ending in -eog or -óg
  • ending in -chan
  • are place names ending in -lann
  • most countries, rivers and languages are feminine.

(it could be argued since -eacht and -acht occur as both feminine and masculine nouns that there is some gender ambiguity/neutralized gender, and perhaps these could be neuter endings for nouns)

Pronouns

Pronouns in standard Irish Gaelic are as follows:

  • Sé - meaning he in English, is a masculine pronoun.
  • Sí - meaning she in English, is a feminine pronoun.
  • Siad - meaning they in English, is neutral but a plural pronoun

Native speakers and new speakers alike have been thinking up helpful gender neutral alternatives. Some of these gender neutral pronouns include:

  • Siad - though not commonly used, some people have used this in place of binary pronouns, although some a critical of using it this way because they worry it will confuse people, because of Siad being used as a plural pronoun.
  • Siú - suggested from some learners in the duolingo community, it bears resemblance to Sé and Sí but stands alone as a gender neutral alternative. Not regularly used. Also bears similarity to siùd, meaning "those"
  • Duí - non-standard, used in place of Sí and Sé, it derives from the word duine which translates to person. Bear in mind that the grammatical gender of duine itself is grammatically masculine in gender.
  • Cí - non-standard, nonbinary pronoun inspired from Gaulish "Chí"
  • Són - Old Irish pronoun meaning "This" (It's modern variant, seo, means the same)
  • Intí - Old Irish pronoun meaning one/he/she
  • Sin - this has been in use by some native speakers. it's literal meaning is "that".

Irish has three grammatical forms for personal pronouns: conjunctive form, disjunctive form and emphatic form.

Conjunctive form

The conjunctive form is used when the subject follows the verb. Standard Irish sentence structure is Verb Subject Object or VSO. Forms corresponding to the non-standard pronouns above include Siú,Duí and Cí.

Example: Ritheann siú or "they (sg.) run" Ritheann sin or "they (sg.) run" Ritheann cí or "they (sg.) run"

Disjunctive form

The disjunctive form is used when the pronoun isn't the subject or the subject pronoun doesn't follow the verb. Forms corresponding to the non-standard pronouns above include Iú,Dhuí and Chí

Examples: Is dalta sin or "they are a student" Is duine dhuí or "they are a person" Is garda chí or "they are a police officer" Buailim mé iú or "I hit them" Buailim mé dhuí or "I hit them" Buailim mé chí or "I hit them"

Emphatic form

Emphatic form is used to emphasize pronouns and is similar to the English use of italics to give words a bit more weight. Conjunctive and Disjunctive forms exist within the Emphatic form. Forms for the nonstandard pronouns include Suisa,Duísean and Císa (emphatic conjunctive) and Uisa, Dhuísean and Chísa (emphatic disjunctive).

Examples: Is dhuísean! or "It's them'" Is suisa! or "It's them" Is císa! or "It's them"

Prepositional pronouns

In addition to these other forms of pronouns, The irish language has "prepositional pronouns", which create specific forms of gender pronouns depending on the type of preposition. Bear in mind the table below contains only the neutral singular versions of these pronouns---Likewise, these are proposed pronouns and non-standard forms, some of them inspired by the neuter gender endings found in Old Irish.

ag "at" de "off" le "with" roimh "before" ar "on" do "for/to" ó "from" thar "over" as "out of" faoi "under" trí "through" idir "between" chuig "toward" i "in" um "around" fara "along/ with"
agáith déin léin romhin orsin daoise uaithu thairu asin fús tría --- chús ionseá umúl feirsa


Family terms

There are words that would be categorized in binary genders but could be used as neutral sounding words.

  • Páiste means child, (plural páistí), grammatically masculine.
  • Tuismitheoir means parent (plural tuismitheoirí), grammatically masculine.
  • Mo ghra or Gra can be used in a neutral sense to say "my love" or "love" when referring to a romantic partner.

See also: Glossary of Irish Gender and Sex Terminology.

Japanese

See also: Glossary of Japanese gender and sex terminology.


Korean

See also: Glossary of Korean gender and sex terminology.


Latin

Latin is essentially a historical language, but it is still used by a small but vibrant community worldwide. It starts to have some LGBT terminology, like "homosexualitas"/"homophylophilia" (homosexuality), "propensio sexualis" (sexual orientation), "intersexualitas" (intersexuality), "identitas generis" (gender identity) etc., but modern neologisms remain a tricky issue in the language. Also, Latin traditionally makes extensive use of generic masculine, which is thus difficult to avoid. If one is ready to use terms that didn't exist in the classical language (or had a different meaning then), but have nevertheless been in use for centuries (e.g. "persona", "individuum"), it is possible to use a mix of terms of different grammatical genders and add other words as appositions aligned in gender in order to convey gender neutrality, e.g. "homo filius", "persona filia" and "individuum filium" in order to express "child" (in the sense of offspring). For "enby", "nebinium" has been proposed.[1]

Norwegian

Norwegian is a language with three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter, but they have nothing at all to do with real gender. For example, "kvinne", which means "woman", "kusine", which means a female cousin, "jente", which means "girl", and "dronning", which means "queen", are all or can be masculine nouns. There are also a few odd words, such as romkamerat, an inclusive word meaning room-mate. The word "kamerat" means male friend.

Family terms

  • Ektefelle: An inclusive word for a spouse.
  • Barn: An inclusive word for a child.
  • Søskenbarn: An inclusive word for a cousin.
  • Forelder: A word for a parent.

Pronouns

  • Seg: An extremely common, standard word for "themself" or "themselves".
  • Si: The feminine possessive form of 'seg'. It indicates belonging to the subject, but not the gender/lack of gender of the subject (or even the object).
  • Sin: The masculine possessive form of 'seg'. Its function is similar to the function described above.
  • Sitt: The neuter possessive form of 'seg'. Its function is similar to the function described above.
  • Hen: An inclusive third-person pronoun. The Norwegian Language Council (Språkrådet) is unfavourable towards use of "hen" as a general gender-neutral pronoun in formal texts (while open to change should actual language use evolve), but advises to use it when requested by a nonbinary person. At that occasion, the Språkrådet uses "hen" also as object form and "hens" as genitive form.[2]

Other Types of Relationships

  • Venn: A standard word for "friend". "Kamerat" and "venninne", the other words, are binary.
  • Kjæreste: A person who is loved by another person, but not married to them.

Portuguese

See also: Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology, and Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology.


Russian

See also: Glossary of Russian gender and sex terminology.

Unlike English, Russian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. While neuter allows some non-binary people adjectives to use, this gender is not ideal for non-binary people for grammatical reasons. The first is that most neuter nouns decline like masculine nouns. The second is that neuter animate nouns do not change in the accusative case (though there are rare neuter animate nouns that change in the accusative plural; see "лицо" in Wiktionary), while both masculine and feminine nouns do. This implies that people using neuter words are not human.


Titles

госпожне Plural is "госпожня". Grammatical gender is neutral, and while in the singular it takes endings similar to the masculine.

Family Terms

-евче and -овче In Russian, rather than middle names, children have patronyms, or their father's first name with -евич/-ович (for boys) or -евна/-овна (for girls) added to the end. -евче and -овче are genderqueer endings for one's patronym. Alternatives include -евчен/-овчен (agender), -еви/-ови (multigender) and more.


Spanish

This section has its own article Gender neutral language in Spanish.

Swedish

A symbol of Swedish female, male, and neutral pronouns.

See also: Glossary of Swedish gender and sex terminology.

Traditionally, the word den has been used as a gender neutral pronoun and remains widely used today. However, depending on the context, the word den can also mean it leaving it unsatisfactory as a gender neutral pronoun for many who do not wish to be seen as comparable to an inanimate object. Since the 1960s, the person pronoun hen has become increasingly popular and will, in 2015, be added for the first time to Svenska Akademiens Ordlista (the Swedish equivalent to France's Dictionnaire de l'Académie française). It usage, however, remains somewhat contraversial and is vigorously opposed by some.

Pronouns

hen Standard gender neutral / third gender personal pronoun
hens Possive form of hen
henom Object form of hen

The object form of hen is sometimes just hens. It is very individual.


Thai

See also: Glossary of Thai gender and sex terminology.


External links

References

  1. ↑ See here.
  2. ↑ http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/spraknytt-20162/spraknytt-12016/han-ho-eller-hen/
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