History of nonbinary gender/pt-br: Difference between revisions

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==Dicas==
==Dicas==


Here are some tips for writing respectfully about historical gender variant people whose actual preferred names, pronouns, and gender identities might not be known.
Aqui estão algumas dicas para escrever respeitosamente sobre pessoas com variações históricas de gênero cujos nomes, pronomes e identidades de gênero preferidos reais podem não ser conhecidos.


* '''Dead names.''' It is disrespectful to call a transgender person by their former name ("dead name") rather than the name that they chose for themself. Some consider their dead name a secret that shouldn't be put in public at all. For living transgender people in particular, this history should show only their chosen names, not their dead names. In this history, some deceased historical transgender persons may have their birth names shown in addition to their chosen names, in cases where it is not known which name they preferred, or where it is otherwise impossible to find information about that person, if one wants to research their history. This should be written in the form of "Chosen Name (née Birth Name)." If history isn't sure which name that person earnestly preferred, write it in the form of "Name, or Other Name."
*'''Nomes mortos.''' É desrespeitoso chamar uma pessoa transgênero pelo nome anterior ("nome morto") em vez do nome que ela escolheu para si mesma. Alguns consideram seu nome morto um segredo que não deveria ser divulgado de forma alguma. Para pessoas transgênero vivas em particular, esta história deve mostrar apenas seus nomes escolhidos, não seus nomes mortos. Nesta história, algumas pessoas transgênero históricas falecidas podem ter seus nomes de nascimento mostrados além de seus nomes escolhidos, nos casos em que não se sabe qual nome eles preferiram, ou onde de outra forma é impossível encontrar informações sobre essa pessoa, se alguém quiser para pesquisar sua história. Isso deve ser escrito na forma de "Nome Escolhido (nome de nascimento de nascença)." Se a história não tiver certeza de qual nome essa pessoa prefere seriamente, escreva-o na forma de "Nome ou Outro nome".


* '''Pronouns.''' It is disrespectful to call a person by pronouns other than those that they ask for. Some historical persons whose preferred pronouns aren't known should be called here by [[Pronouns#No pronouns|no pronouns]]. If this isn't possible, [[Pronouns#They|they]] pronouns.
* '''Pronomes.''' É desrespeitoso chamar uma pessoa por pronomes diferentes daqueles que ela pede. Algumas pessoas históricas cujos pronomes preferidos não são conhecidos devem ser referidas aqui por [[Pronomes # Sem pronomes | sem pronomes]]. Se isso não for possível, pronome [[pronomes # Elu | elu/delu]].


* '''Words for a person's gender, assigned and otherwise.''' It is disrespectful to label a person's gender otherwise than they ask for, but it's not always possible to do so. In the case of some historical people, history has recorded how they lived, and what [[gender assigned at birth|gender they were assigned at birth]], but not how they preferred to label their gender identity. For example, it's not known whether certain historical people who were assigned female at birth ([[AFAB]]) lived as men because they identified as men (were [[transgender men]]), or because it was the only way to have a career in that time and place (and were gender non-conforming [[cisgender women]]). This should be mentioned in the more respectful form of, for example, "assigned male at birth ([[AMAB]]), lived as a woman," rather than "really a man, passed as a woman." For another example, writing "a military doctor discovered Smith was AFAB" is more respectful than saying "a military doctor discovered Smith was really a woman." For people who lived before the word "transgender" was created, it may be more suitable to call them "gender variant" rather than "transgender." On the other hand, if we have enough information about such a person, we may do best by such people by describing them with the terminology that they most likely would have used for their gender identity if they lived in the present day, with our language.
* '''Palavras para o sexo de uma pessoa, atribuído e não.''' É desrespeitoso rotular o sexo de uma pessoa de outra forma que não seja pedido, mas nem sempre é possível fazê-lo. No caso de algumas pessoas históricas, a história registrou como elas viveram e qual [[gênero atribuído no nascimento | gênero a que foram atribuídas no nascimento]], mas não como elas preferiram rotular sua identidade de gênero. Por exemplo, não se sabe se certas pessoas históricas que foram designadas do sexo feminino no nascimento ([[AFAB]]) viveram como homens porque se identificaram como homens (eram [[homens transexuais]]) ou porque era a única maneira de ter uma carreira naquela época e lugar (e eram não conformes com o gênero [[mulheres cisgênero]]). Isso deve ser mencionado na forma mais respeitosa de, por exemplo, "homem designado ao nascer ([[AMAB]]), vivido como mulher", em vez de "realmente um homem, passado por mulher". Para outro exemplo, escrever "um médico militar descobriu que Smith era AFAB" é mais respeitoso do que dizer "um médico militar descobriu Smith era realmente uma mulher. "Para pessoas que viveram antes da palavra" transgênero "ser criada, pode ser mais adequado chamá-los de" variante de gênero "em vez de" transgênero ". Por outro lado, se tivermos informações suficientes sobre isso como uma pessoa, podemos fazer melhor com essas pessoas, descrevendo-as com a terminologia que provavelmente teriam usado para sua identidade de gênero se vivessem nos dias atuais, com nossa língua.


==Wanted events in this time-line==
== Eventos desejados nesta linha do tempo ==


Please help fill out this time-line if you can add information of these kinds:
Por favor, ajude a preencher este cronograma se você puder adicionar informações destes tipos: * Eventos no movimento para manter o gênero dos bebês em sigilo.  
* Events in the movement for keeping the genders of babies undisclosed.
* Eventos relativos a [[celebridades não binárias]] e pessoas históricas que declararam claramente que não eram nem mulher nem homem, ou ambos, ou andróginos, etc.  
* Events concerning [[nonbinary celebrities]], and historical persons who clearly stated they were neither female nor male, or both, or androgynes, etc.
* Percorra blogs não binários em busca de eventos históricos passados ​​e atuais.  
* Skim nonbinary blogs looking for past and current historical events.
* Eventos que mostram que as identidades de gênero transgênero e especialmente não binárias já existiam muito antes do século XX.  
* Events that show that transgender and especially nonbinary gender identities existed long before the twentieth century.
* Mudanças no uso de linguagem com gênero versus linguagem neutra.
* Changes in the use of gendered versus gender-neutral language.


==Antiquity==
== Antiguidade ==  
* In Mesopotamian mythology, among the earliest written records of humanity, there are references to types of people who are neither male nor female. Sumerian and Akkadian tablets from the 2nd millennium BCE and 1700 BCE describe how the gods created these people, their roles in society, and words for different kinds of them. These included eunuchs, women who couldn't or weren't allowed to have children, men who live as women, intersex people, gay people, and others.<ref>Murray, Stephen O., and Roscoe, Will (1997). ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature.'' New York: New York University Press.</ref><ref>Nissinen, Martti (1998). ''Homoeroticism in the Biblical World'', Translated by Kirsi Stjedna. Fortress Press (November 1998) p. 30. ISBN|0-8006-2985-X<br>See also: Maul, S. M. (1992). ''Kurgarrû und assinnu und ihr Stand in der babylonischen Gesellschaft.'' Pp. 159–71 in Aussenseiter und Randgruppen. Konstanze Althistorische Vorträge und Forschungern 32. Edited by V. Haas. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag.</ref><ref>Leick, Gwendolyn (1994). ''Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature''. Routledge. New York.</ref>
* Na mitologia mesopotâmica, entre os primeiros registros escritos da humanidade, há referências a tipos de pessoas que não são nem homens nem mulheres. As tabuinhas sumérias e acadianas do segundo milênio AEC e 1700 AEC descrevem como os deuses criaram essas pessoas, seus papéis na sociedade e palavras para diferentes tipos delas. Entre eles estavam eunucos, mulheres que não podiam ou não tinham permissão para ter filhos, homens que vivem como mulheres, pessoas intersex, gays e outros.<ref>Murray, Stephen O., and Roscoe, Will (1997). ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature.'' New York: New York University Press.</ref><ref>Nissinen, Martti (1998). ''Homoeroticism in the Biblical World'', Translated by Kirsi Stjedna. Fortress Press (November 1998) p. 30. ISBN|0-8006-2985-X<br>See also: Maul, S. M. (1992). ''Kurgarrû und assinnu und ihr Stand in der babylonischen Gesellschaft.'' Pp. 159–71 in Aussenseiter und Randgruppen. Konstanze Althistorische Vorträge und Forschungern 32. Edited by V. Haas. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag.</ref><ref>Leick, Gwendolyn (1994). ''Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature''. Routledge. New York.</ref>
[[File:Sekhet hieroglyphs.jpg|thumb|The word "sekhet" in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.<ref name="Brustman">Mark Brustman. "The Third Gender in Ancient Egypt." ''"Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library.'' 1999. https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/egypt.htm</ref>]]
[[File:Sekhet hieroglyphs.jpg|thumb|A palavra "sekhet" em hieróglifos egípcios antigos.<ref name="Brustman">Mark Brustman. "The Third Gender in Ancient Egypt." ''"Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library.'' 1999. https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/egypt.htm</ref>]]
* Writings from ancient Egypt (Middle Kingdom, 2000-1800 BCE) said there were three genders of humans: males, ''sekhet (s<u>h</u>t)'', and females, in that order. Sekhet is usually translated as "eunuch," but that's probably an oversimplification of what this gender category means. Since it was given that level of importance, it could potentially be an entire category of gender/sex variance that doesn't fit into male or female. The hieroglyphs for ''sekhet'' include a sitting figure that usually means a man. The word doesn't include hieroglyphs that refer to genitals in any way. At the very least, ''sekhet'' is likely to mean cisgender gay men, in the sense of not having children, and not necessarily someone who was castrated. <ref>Sethe, Kurt, (1926), ''Die Aechtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des mittleren Reiches,'' in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1926, p. 61.</ref><ref>Sandra  Stewart. "Egyptian third gender." http://www.gendertree.com/Egyptian%20third%20gender.htm</ref><ref name="Brustman" />  
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* Escritos do antigo Egito (Reino do Meio, 2000-1800 aC) diziam que havia três gêneros de humanos: homens, ''sekhet (s<u>h</u>t)'', e mulheres, nessa ordem. Sekhet é geralmente traduzido como "eunuco", mas isso provavelmente é uma simplificação exagerada do significado dessa categoria de gênero. Uma vez que recebeu esse nível de importância, poderia ser potencialmente uma categoria inteira de variação de gênero / sexo que não se encaixa em masculino ou feminino. Os hieróglifos para '' sekhet '' incluem uma figura sentada que geralmente significa um homem. A palavra não inclui hieróglifos que se referem aos órgãos genitais de alguma forma. No mínimo, '' sekhet '' provavelmente significa homens gays cisgêneros, no sentido de não terem filhos, e não necessariamente alguém que foi castrado.<ref>Sethe, Kurt, (1926), ''Die Aechtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des mittleren Reiches,'' in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1926, p. 61.</ref>
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* Many cultures and ethnic groups have concepts of [[gender-variant identities worldwide|traditional gender-variant roles]], with a history of them going back to antiquity. For example, [[Hijra]] and [[Two-Spirit]]. These gender identities and roles are often analogous to nonbinary identity, as they don't fit into the Western idea of the [[gender binary]] roles.
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* Muitas culturas e grupos étnicos têm conceitos de [[identidades variantes de gênero em todo o mundo | papéis variantes de gênero tradicionais]], com uma história deles que remonta à antiguidade. Por exemplo, [[Hijra]] e [[Dois-espíritos]]. Essas identidades e papéis de gênero são freqüentemente análogos à identidade não binária, pois não se encaixam na ideia ocidental dos papéis [[binários de gênero]].
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==Eleventh century==
==Século 11==


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* The Anglo-Saxon word ''wæpen-wifestre'', or ''wæpned-wifestre'' (Anglo-Saxon, ''wæpen'' "sword," "penis," "male" (or ''wæpned'' "weaponed," "with a penis," "male") + ''wif'' woman, + ''estre'' feminine suffix, thus "woman with a weapon," "woman with a penis," or "man woman") was defined in an eleventh-century glossary (Antwerp Plantin-Moretus 32) as meaning "hermaphrodite." The counterpart of this word, ''wæpned-mann,'' simply meant "a person armed with a sword" or "male person."<ref>Dana Oswald, ''Monsters, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval English Literature.'' Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 2010. p. 93.</ref><ref name="ClarkMedieval">David Clark. ''Between medieval men: Male friendship and desire in early medieval English literature.'' Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 63-65.</ref> ''Wæpen-wifestre'' is known to be a synonym for "scrat" (intersex).<ref>''Catholicon Anglicum: An English-Latin Word-book, dated 1483, volume 30.'' Accessed via Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=I7wKAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22W%C3%A6pen-wifestre%22&pg=PA325#v=onepage&q=%22W%C3%A6pen-wifestre%22&f=false</ref> Another synonym given for ''wæpen-wifestre'' is ''bæddel,'' an which also means intersex, but also feminine men, from which the word "bad" is thought to be derived, due to its use as a slur.<ref>"bad (adj.)" ''Online Etymology Dictionary.'' https://www.etymonline.com/word/bad</ref> The related word ''bæddling'' was used in eleventh-century laws for men who had sex with men in a receptive role.<ref name="ClarkMedieval" /> Additional meanings of ''wæpen-wifestre'' are possible. When ''wæpen-wifestre'' is read as "woman with a penis," it could describe a feminine man, a man who has sex with men, or a transgender woman. When read as "woman with a sword," it could refer to a warrior woman. When read as "man woman," it could mean not only an intersex person, but also people who transgressed the gender binary that seems to have been the rule in Anglo-Saxon England, as far as is known from limited literature from that era. From this range of meanings that the word potentially covers, it's possible that ''wæpen-wifestre'' may have been a general category for intersex, queer, and gender-variant people in Britain, during the time that was contemporary to Beowulf.
* The Anglo-Saxon word ''wæpen-wifestre'', or ''wæpned-wifestre'' (Anglo-Saxon, ''wæpen'' "sword," "penis," "male" (or ''wæpned'' "weaponed," "with a penis," "male") + ''wif'' woman, + ''estre'' feminine suffix, thus "woman with a weapon," "woman with a penis," or "man woman") was defined in an eleventh-century glossary (Antwerp Plantin-Moretus 32) as meaning "hermaphrodite." The counterpart of this word, ''wæpned-mann,'' simply meant "a person armed with a sword" or "male person."<ref>Dana Oswald, ''Monsters, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval English Literature.'' Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 2010. p. 93.</ref><ref name="ClarkMedieval">David Clark. ''Between medieval men: Male friendship and desire in early medieval English literature.'' Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 63-65.</ref> ''Wæpen-wifestre'' is known to be a synonym for "scrat" (intersex).<ref>''Catholicon Anglicum: An English-Latin Word-book, dated 1483, volume 30.'' Accessed via Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=I7wKAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22W%C3%A6pen-wifestre%22&pg=PA325#v=onepage&q=%22W%C3%A6pen-wifestre%22&f=false</ref> Another synonym given for ''wæpen-wifestre'' is ''bæddel,'' an which also means intersex, but also feminine men, from which the word "bad" is thought to be derived, due to its use as a slur.<ref>"bad (adj.)" ''Online Etymology Dictionary.'' https://www.etymonline.com/word/bad</ref> The related word ''bæddling'' was used in eleventh-century laws for men who had sex with men in a receptive role.<ref name="ClarkMedieval" /> Additional meanings of ''wæpen-wifestre'' are possible. When ''wæpen-wifestre'' is read as "woman with a penis," it could describe a feminine man, a man who has sex with men, or a transgender woman. When read as "woman with a sword," it could refer to a warrior woman. When read as "man woman," it could mean not only an intersex person, but also people who transgressed the gender binary that seems to have been the rule in Anglo-Saxon England, as far as is known from limited literature from that era. From this range of meanings that the word potentially covers, it's possible that ''wæpen-wifestre'' may have been a general category for intersex, queer, and gender-variant people in Britain, during the time that was contemporary to Beowulf.
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==Seventeenth century==
==Século XVII==


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* A blog post by the Merriam Webster dictionary editors says, "In the 17th century, English laws concerning inheritance sometimes referred to people who didn’t fit a gender binary using the pronoun ''it'', which, while dehumanizing, was conceived of as being the most grammatically fit answer to gendered pronouns around then."<ref>“Words We’re Watching: Singular 'They:' Though singular 'they' is old, 'they' as a nonbinary pronoun is new—and useful.” ''Merriam Webster.'' https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/singular-nonbinary-they Captured November 2017.</ref> This is an example of people being considered legally outside of male and female. ''Editors at this wiki would appreciate more information and sources about the laws in question, their dates, and what categories of people they referred to. (Unborn children? Intersex people? People who didn't conform to gender norms?)''
* A blog post by the Merriam Webster dictionary editors says, "In the 17th century, English laws concerning inheritance sometimes referred to people who didn’t fit a gender binary using the pronoun ''it'', which, while dehumanizing, was conceived of as being the most grammatically fit answer to gendered pronouns around then."<ref>“Words We’re Watching: Singular 'They:' Though singular 'they' is old, 'they' as a nonbinary pronoun is new—and useful.” ''Merriam Webster.'' https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/singular-nonbinary-they Captured November 2017.</ref> This is an example of people being considered legally outside of male and female. ''Editors at this wiki would appreciate more information and sources about the laws in question, their dates, and what categories of people they referred to. (Unborn children? Intersex people? People who didn't conform to gender norms?)''
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas(ine)_Hall Thomas Hall, who apparently had an equal preference for the birth-name Thomasine] (c.1603 – after 1629), was an English servant in colonial Virginia. Hall was raised as a girl, and then presented as a man in order to enter the military.<ref>Norton, Mary Beth, "Communal Definitions of Gendered Identity in Colonial America", Ronald Hoffman, Mechal Sobel, Fredrika J. Teute (eds) ''Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 40ff. </ref> After leaving the military, Hall freely alternated between feminine and masculine attire from one day to the next, until Hall was accused of having sex with both men and women. Whether someone was legally a man or a woman would result in different punishments for that. Several physical examinations disagreed on the details of Hall's sex, and concluded that Hall had been born [[intersex]]. Previously, common law required that if a court concluded that someone was intersex, this would result in an injunction that they must live the rest of their life as strictly either male or female, whichever their anatomy resembled the most closely. In this case, the court ruled that "hee is a man and a woeman," and gave the injunction that Hall must from then on wear both masculine and feminine clothing at the same time: "goe clothed in man's apparell, only his head to bee attired in a coyfe and croscloth with an apron before him"<ref>Floyd, Don (2010). ''The Captain and Thomasine''. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Enterprises. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-557-37676-6.</ref><ref>Reis, Elizabeth (September 2005). "Impossible Hermaphrodites: Intersex in America, 1620–1960". ''The Journal of American History'': 411–441.</ref> Intersex is not the same thing as nonbinary, and so an intersex person can identify as a man, woman, or some other gender. Hall was apparently an intersex person who did not identify strictly as a man or woman, preferred a [[genderfluid|fluid]] [[gender expression]], and was then given a legal sex that was both.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas(ine)_Hall Thomas Hall, who apparently had an equal preference for the birth-name Thomasine] (c.1603 – after 1629), was an English servant in colonial Virginia. Hall was raised as a girl, and then presented as a man in order to enter the military.<ref>Norton, Mary Beth, "Communal Definitions of Gendered Identity in Colonial America", Ronald Hoffman, Mechal Sobel, Fredrika J. Teute (eds) ''Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 40ff. </ref> After leaving the military, Hall freely alternated between feminine and masculine attire from one day to the next, until Hall was accused of having sex with both men and women. Whether someone was legally a man or a woman would result in different punishments for that. Several physical examinations disagreed on the details of Hall's sex, and concluded that Hall had been born [[intersex]]. Previously, common law required that if a court concluded that someone was intersex, this would result in an injunction that they must live the rest of their life as strictly either male or female, whichever their anatomy resembled the most closely. In this case, the court ruled that "hee is a man and a woeman," and gave the injunction that Hall must from then on wear both masculine and feminine clothing at the same time: "goe clothed in man's apparell, only his head to bee attired in a coyfe and croscloth with an apron before him"<ref>Floyd, Don (2010). ''The Captain and Thomasine''. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Enterprises. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-557-37676-6.</ref><ref>Reis, Elizabeth (September 2005). "Impossible Hermaphrodites: Intersex in America, 1620–1960". ''The Journal of American History'': 411–441.</ref> Intersex is not the same thing as nonbinary, and so an intersex person can identify as a man, woman, or some other gender. Hall was apparently an intersex person who did not identify strictly as a man or woman, preferred a [[genderfluid|fluid]] [[gender expression]], and was then given a legal sex that was both.
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==Eighteenth century==
== Século XVIII ==
[[File:Public Universal Friend portrait.jpg|thumb|A portrait of the Public Universal Friend, from the Friend's biography written by David Hudson in 1821.]]  
[[File:Public Universal Friend portrait.jpg|thumb|Um retrato do Public Universal Friend, da biografia do Friend, escrita por David Hudson em 1821.]]  
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* "[[Singular they]]" had already been the standard [[English neutral pronouns|gender-neutral pronoun in English]] for hundreds of years. However, in 1745, prescriptive grammarians began to say that it was no longer acceptable. Their reasoning was that neutral pronouns don't exist in Latin, which was thought to be a better language, so English shouldn't use them, either. They instead began to recommend using "[[English neutral pronouns#He|he]]" as a gender-neutral pronoun.<ref>Maria Bustillos, "Our desperate, 250-year-long search for a gender-neutral pronoun." January 6, 2011. [http://www.theawl.com/2011/01/our-desperate-250-year-long-search-for-a-gender-neutral-pronoun http://www.theawl.com/2011/01/our-desperate-250-year-long-search-for-a-gender-neutral-pronoun]</ref> This started the dispute over the problem of acceptable gender-neutral pronouns in English, which has carried on for centuries now.
* "[[Singular they]]" had already been the standard [[English neutral pronouns|gender-neutral pronoun in English]] for hundreds of years. However, in 1745, prescriptive grammarians began to say that it was no longer acceptable. Their reasoning was that neutral pronouns don't exist in Latin, which was thought to be a better language, so English shouldn't use them, either. They instead began to recommend using "[[English neutral pronouns#He|he]]" as a gender-neutral pronoun.<ref>Maria Bustillos, "Our desperate, 250-year-long search for a gender-neutral pronoun." January 6, 2011. [http://www.theawl.com/2011/01/our-desperate-250-year-long-search-for-a-gender-neutral-pronoun http://www.theawl.com/2011/01/our-desperate-250-year-long-search-for-a-gender-neutral-pronoun]</ref> This started the dispute over the problem of acceptable gender-neutral pronouns in English, which has carried on for centuries now.
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* [[Māhū]] ("in the middle") in Kanaka Maoli (Hawaiian) and Maohi (Tahitian) cultures are [[third gender]] persons with traditional spiritual and social roles within the culture. The māhū gender category existed in their cultures during pre-contact times, and still exists today.<ref>Kaua'i Iki, quoted by Andrew Matzner in 'Transgender, queens, mahu, whatever': An Oral History from Hawai'i. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context Issue 6, August 2001</ref> In the pre-colonial history of Hawai'i, māhū were notable priests and healers, although much of this history was elided through the intervention of missionaries. The first written Western description of māhū occurs in 1789, in Captain William Bligh's logbook of the Bounty, which stopped in Tahiti where he was introduced to a member of  a "class of people very common in Otaheitie called Mahoo... who although I was certain was a man, had great marks of effeminacy about him."<ref>William Bligh.  Bounty Logbook. Thursday, January 15, 1789.</ref>
* [[Māhū]] ("no meio") nas culturas Kanaka Maoli (havaiana) e Maohi (taitiana) são [[terceiro gênero]] pessoas com papéis espirituais e sociais tradicionais dentro da cultura. A categoria de gênero māhū existia em suas culturas durante os tempos de pré-contato e ainda existe hoje. .<ref>Kaua'i Iki, quoted by Andrew Matzner in 'Transgender, queens, mahu, whatever': An Oral History from Hawai'i. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context Issue 6, August 2001</ref> Na história pré-colonial do Havaí, os māhū eram sacerdotes e curandeiros notáveis, embora grande parte dessa história tenha sido omitida pela intervenção de missionários. A primeira descrição ocidental escrita de māhū ocorre em 1789, no diário de bordo do Capitão William Bligh do Bounty, que parou no Taiti, onde foi apresentado a um membro de uma "classe de pessoas muito comum em Otaheitie chamada Mahoo ... que embora eu fosse certo era um homem, tinha grandes marcas de efeminação sobre ele."<ref>William Bligh.  Bounty Logbook. Thursday, January 15, 1789.</ref>


* The [[Public Universal Friend]] (1752 - 1819) was a genderless evangelist who traveled throughout the eastern United States to preach a theology based on that of the Quakers, which was actively against slavery. The Friend believed that God had reanimated them from a severe illness at age 24 with a new spirit, which was genderless. The Friend refused to be called by the birth name,<ref name="Moyer-12 Winiarski-430 Juster-MacFarlane-27-28">Moyer, p. 12; Winiarski, p. 430; and Susan Juster, Lisa MacFarlane, ''A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism'' (1996), p. 27, and p. 28.</ref> even on legal documents,<ref name="Brekus-85">Catherine A. Brekus, ''Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845'' (2000), p. 85</ref> and insisted on being called by no pronouns. Followers respected these wishes, avoiding gender-specific pronouns even in private diaries, and referring only to "the Public Universal Friend" or short forms such as "the Friend" or "P.U.F."<ref name="Juster-MacFarlane-27-28 Brekus-85 etc">Juster & MacFarlane, ''A Mighty Baptism'', pp. 27-28; Brekus, p. 85</ref> The Friend wore clothing that contemporaries described as androgynous, which were usually black robes. The Friend's followers came to be known as the Society of Universal Friends, and included people who were black, and many unmarried women who took on masculine roles in their communities.<ref name="Lamphier-Welch-331">Peg A. Lamphier, Rosanne Welch, ''Women in American History'' (2017), p. 331.</ref>  
* O [[Public Universal Friend]] (1752 - 1819) foi uma pessoa evangelista sem gênero que viajou por todo o leste dos Estados Unidos para pregar uma teologia baseada na dos Quakers, que era ativamente contra a escravidão. Acreditava que Deus os havia reanimado de uma doença grave aos 24 anos com um novo espírito, que não tinha gênero, e recusou-se identificar-se pelo nome de nascimento,<ref name="Moyer-12 Winiarski-430 Juster-MacFarlane-27-28">Moyer, p. 12; Winiarski, p. 430; and Susan Juster, Lisa MacFarlane, ''A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism'' (1996), p. 27, and p. 28.</ref> even on legal documents,<ref name="Brekus-85">Catherine A. Brekus, ''Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845'' (2000), p. 85</ref> e preferia o uso de nenhum pronome. Os seguidores respeitaram esses desejos, evitando pronomes específicos de gênero, mesmo em diários privados, e referindo-se apenas a "Public Universal Friend" ou formas curtas como "o Friend" ou "PUF".<ref name="Juster-MacFarlane-27-28 Brekus-85 etc">Juster & MacFarlane, ''A Mighty Baptism'', pp. 27-28; Brekus, p. 85</ref> Usava roupas que os contemporâneos descreveram como andróginas, que geralmente eram túnicas pretas. Os seguidores de The Friend ficaram conhecidos como Sociedade de Amigos Universais e incluíam pessoas negras e muitas mulheres solteiras que assumiam papéis masculinos em suas comunidades. <ref name="Lamphier-Welch-331">Peg A. Lamphier, Rosanne Welch, ''Women in American History'' (2017), p. 331.</ref>  


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* [[Jens Andersson]] was a nonbinary person in Norway, who married a woman in 1781. It was soon discovered that Andersson had a female body, and the marriage was annulled, while Andersson was accused of sodomy. In the trial, Andersson was asked: "Are you a man or a woman?"  It was recorded that the answer was that "he thinks he may be both".[https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer]
* [[Jens Andersson]] was a nonbinary person in Norway, who married a woman in 1781. It was soon discovered that Andersson had a female body, and the marriage was annulled, while Andersson was accused of sodomy. In the trial, Andersson was asked: "Are you a man or a woman?"  It was recorded that the answer was that "he thinks he may be both".[https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer]
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* [[Romaine-la-Prophétesse]] was a leader of a slave uprising in 1791-92, early in the Haitian Revolution, that for a time governed much of southern Haiti, including two major cities. Romaine identified as a prophetess, dressed like a woman, and spoke of being possessed by a female spirit, but also reportedly identified as a godson of the Virgin Mary and used masculine pronouns in self-references in dictated letters; Romaine has therefore been interpreted by modern scholars as perhaps [[genderfluid]]<ref name="R52">Terry Rey, ''The Priest and the Prophetess'' (2017), pp. 52-53</ref> or [[transgender]],<ref name="R52"/><ref name="Albanese">Mary Grace Albanese, "Unraveling the Blood Line: Pauline Hopkins's Haitian Genealogies", in ''J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists'', volume 7, number 2, Fall 2019, p. 234</ref> or might have been [[bigender]].
* [[Romaine-la-Prophétesse]] foi líder de uma revolta de escravos em 1791-92, no início da Revolução Haitiana, que por um tempo governou grande parte do sul do Haiti, incluindo duas grandes cidades. Romaine identificou-se como profetisa, vestiu-se como mulher e falou que estava possuída por um espírito feminino, mas também foi identificada como afilhada da Virgem Maria e usou pronomes masculinos em autorreferências em cartas ditadas; Romaine foi, portanto, interpretada por estudiosos modernos como talvez [[gênero-fluido]]<ref name="R52">Terry Rey, ''The Priest and the Prophetess'' (2017), pp. 52-53</ref> or [[transgender]],<ref name="R52"/><ref name="Albanese">Mary Grace Albanese, "Unraveling the Blood Line: Pauline Hopkins's Haitian Genealogies", in ''J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists'', volume 7, number 2, Fall 2019, p. 234</ref> ou pode ter sido [[bigênero]].


==Nineteenth century==
==Século XIX==
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796.jpg|thumb|We'Wha, a Zuni Two-Spirit (''Lhamana'') person who lived 1849-1896.]]
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796.jpg|thumb|We'Wha, uma pessoa Zuni de dois espíritos (''Lhamana'') que viveu de 1849-1896.]]
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27wha We'wha] (1849–1896) was a Zuni Native American from New Mexico, and the most famous ''lhamana'' on record. In traditional Zuni culture, the ''lhamana'' take on roles and duties associated with both men and women, and they wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing. They work as mediators. As a notable fiber artist, weaver, and potter, We'wha was a prominent cultural ambassador for Native Americans in general, and the Zuni in particular. In 1886, We'wha was part of the Zuni delegation to Washington D.C.. They were hosted by anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson and, during that visit, We'wha met President Grover Cleveland. Friends and relatives alternated masculine and feminine pronouns for We'Wha. We'wha was described as being highly intelligent, having a strong character, and always being kind to children.<ref name=Stevenson37>Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 37</ref><ref name=Bost139>Suzanne Bost, Mulattas and Mestizas: Representing Mixed Identities in the Americas, 1850-2000, (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2003, pg.139</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27wha We'wha] (1849–1896) was a Zuni Native American from New Mexico, and the most famous ''lhamana'' on record. In traditional Zuni culture, the ''lhamana'' take on roles and duties associated with both men and women, and they wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing. They work as mediators. As a notable fiber artist, weaver, and potter, We'wha was a prominent cultural ambassador for Native Americans in general, and the Zuni in particular. In 1886, We'wha was part of the Zuni delegation to Washington D.C.. They were hosted by anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson and, during that visit, We'wha met President Grover Cleveland. Friends and relatives alternated masculine and feminine pronouns for We'Wha. We'wha was described as being highly intelligent, having a strong character, and always being kind to children.<ref name=Stevenson37>Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 37</ref><ref name=Bost139>Suzanne Bost, Mulattas and Mestizas: Representing Mixed Identities in the Americas, 1850-2000, (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2003, pg.139</ref>
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[[File:Mapah (Grandville).jpg|thumb|150px|A contemporary caricature of the Mapah, preaching in front of a relief with masculine signifiers on the left (pipe, sword), and feminine on the right (corset, distaff).]]
* [[Simon Ganneau]] (1806 - 1851) was a sculptor and Parisian prophet. He wore a combination of feminine and masculine signifiers: a beard, a working man's blouse, and a woman's mantle. He called himself by the title "the Mapah," which was a combination of the words ''mater'' (mother) and ''pater'' (father). He created a mystical religion he called Evadaisme, meaning "Eve-Adam-ism." This taught that the next phase of human development would be androgyny, coming from the femininity of Mary-Eve marrying the masculinity of Christ-Adam. Evadaisme condemned sexist traditions, such as taking the surname of one's father and not one's mother. Though the Mapah was poor, he was well-educated, and spoke eloquently. He preached to working-class men and sex workers.<ref>Shawn P. Wilbur. "Notes on Simon Ganneau (the Mapah) and Evadaisme." July 14, 2019. https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/utopian-and-scientific/notes-on-simon-ganneau-the-mapah-and-evadisme/</ref><ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Androgyne_Evadam_(Mapah,_1838).jpg</ref> The Mapah taught Éliphas Lévi (1810 – 1875), inspiring the latter to become interested in the occult. Lévi then become the best-known occultist of the nineteenth century. Through Lévi, the occult practice of Western ceremonial magic owes much of its origins to the Mapah.<ref>https://www.grupopensamento.com.br/produto/dogma-e-ritual-da-alta-magia-nova-edicao-5550</ref><ref>Christopher McIntosh, ''Éliphas Lévi and the French Occult Revival'', 1972.</ref>
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=== 1870s ===
=== 1870s ===
[[File:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (from Kennedy).jpg|thumb|150px|Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), who described "a neutral sex" that was not physically intersex.]]
[[File:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (from Kennedy).jpg|thumb|150px|Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), que descreveu "um sexo neutro" que não era fisicamente intersexo.]]
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* Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895) developed a theory in which men who are attracted to men and women who are attracted to women are thus because they are members of a third sex, a mixture of both male and female, and with the psyche or essence of the "opposite" sex, even though their bodies look like cis-gender male and female bodies. The terms "homosexual," "bisexual," and "heterosexual" didn't exist yet, so he coined terms for them all. The overall phenomenon he called [[Uranismus]] (in the original German, ''Urningtum''), gay men were uranians (German ''urnings''), lesbians were uraniads (German ''urningin'', as ''-in'' is the feminine suffix), whereas heterosexuals were ''Dionings'', so bisexual men were ''uranodionings,'' and so on, all of which were distinct from ''zwitter'' (intersex). Ulrichs based this naming system on "Plato's ''Symposium'', where two different kinds of love [...are] ruled by two different goddesses of love-- Aphrodite, daughter of Uranus, and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus and Dione. The second Aphrodite rules those who love the opposite sex." <ref>''We are everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics.'' P. 61. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDG3xdtDutkC&lpg=PA64&dq=urning&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=urning&f=false</ref> Ulrichs argued that their condition was as natural and healthy as that of what we now call heterosexual people, and he started the movement fighting for their equal legal rights to express their love "between consenting adults, with the free consent of both parties," in his words from 1870, and that they should not be pathologized nor criminalized for doing so.<ref name="UlrichsAraxes">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, "Araxes: Appeal for the liberation of the urning's nature from penal law." 1870. Excerpt reprinted in: ''We are everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics.'' P. 63-65. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDG3xdtDutkC&lpg=PA64&dq=urning&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=urning&f=false</ref>. Although Uranismus was generally addressed in terms of orientation, Ulrichs specifically described various categories of uranians in terms of their gender nonconformity and gender variance. For example, in regard to feminine gay men or queens (who he called ''Weiblings''), Ulrichs wrote in 1879, <blockquote>"The Weibling is a total mixture of male and female, in which the female element is even predominant, a thoroughly hermaphroditically organized being. Despite his male sexual organs, he is more woman than man. He is a woman with male sexual organs. He is a neutral sex. He is a [[neuter]]. He is the hermaphrodite of the ancients."<ref name="UlrichsArrow">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, "Critical arrow." 1879. Excerpt reprinted in: ''We are everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics.'' P. 64-65. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDG3xdtDutkC&lpg=PA64&dq=urning&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=urning&f=false</ref></blockquote>
* Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895) developed a theory in which men who are attracted to men and women who are attracted to women are thus because they are members of a third sex, a mixture of both male and female, and with the psyche or essence of the "opposite" sex, even though their bodies look like cis-gender male and female bodies. The terms "homosexual," "bisexual," and "heterosexual" didn't exist yet, so he coined terms for them all. The overall phenomenon he called [[Uranismus]] (in the original German, ''Urningtum''), gay men were uranians (German ''urnings''), lesbians were uraniads (German ''urningin'', as ''-in'' is the feminine suffix), whereas heterosexuals were ''Dionings'', so bisexual men were ''uranodionings,'' and so on, all of which were distinct from ''zwitter'' (intersex). Ulrichs based this naming system on "Plato's ''Symposium'', where two different kinds of love [...are] ruled by two different goddesses of love-- Aphrodite, daughter of Uranus, and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus and Dione. The second Aphrodite rules those who love the opposite sex." <ref>''We are everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics.'' P. 61. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDG3xdtDutkC&lpg=PA64&dq=urning&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=urning&f=false</ref> Ulrichs argued that their condition was as natural and healthy as that of what we now call heterosexual people, and he started the movement fighting for their equal legal rights to express their love "between consenting adults, with the free consent of both parties," in his words from 1870, and that they should not be pathologized nor criminalized for doing so.<ref name="UlrichsAraxes">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, "Araxes: Appeal for the liberation of the urning's nature from penal law." 1870. Excerpt reprinted in: ''We are everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics.'' P. 63-65. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDG3xdtDutkC&lpg=PA64&dq=urning&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=urning&f=false</ref>. Although Uranismus was generally addressed in terms of orientation, Ulrichs specifically described various categories of uranians in terms of their gender nonconformity and gender variance. For example, in regard to feminine gay men or queens (who he called ''Weiblings''), Ulrichs wrote in 1879, <blockquote>"The Weibling is a total mixture of male and female, in which the female element is even predominant, a thoroughly hermaphroditically organized being. Despite his male sexual organs, he is more woman than man. He is a woman with male sexual organs. He is a neutral sex. He is a [[neuter]]. He is the hermaphrodite of the ancients."<ref name="UlrichsArrow">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, "Critical arrow." 1879. Excerpt reprinted in: ''We are everywhere: A historical sourcebook of gay and lesbian politics.'' P. 64-65. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDG3xdtDutkC&lpg=PA64&dq=urning&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=urning&f=false</ref></blockquote>
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: Ulrichs goes on to say the direct counterpart of the Weibling among those were were assigned female at birth is "the masculine-inspired, woman-loving Mannlingin," who is equally gender-variant.<ref name="UlrichsArrow" /> Ulrichs emphasizes that Uranismus includes gender-variant people, distinct from those who conform from their gender, and also distinct from people born with physical intersex characteristics. As such, Uranismus included people who might today identify as nonbinary.
: Ulrichs prossegue dizendo que a contraparte direta do Weibling entre aqueles que foram designados como mulher no nascimento é "o Mannlingin de inspiração masculina e amante de mulheres", que é igualmente variante de gênero.t.<ref name="UlrichsArrow" /> Ulrichs enfatiza que o Uranismo inclui pessoas com variação de gênero, distintas daquelas que se conformam com seu gênero, e também distintas de pessoas nascidas com características intersexuais físicas. Como tal, o Uranismo incluía pessoas que hoje podem ser identificadas como não binárias.
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=== 1880s ===
=== 1880s ===


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* The earliest known true [[transsexual]] genital conversion [[surgery]] of any kind was performed in 1882 on a [[Binary genders#Transgender men|trans man]] named Herman Karl.<ref>James Sears, ''Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Issues in Education.'' p. 109. [http://books.google.com/books?id=w7365W7rQKQC&amp;lpg=PA109&amp;ots=gSa98lwR0v&amp;dq=sophia%20hedwig%20transgender%20herman%20karl&amp;pg=PA109#v=onepage&amp;q=sophia%20hedwig%20transgender%20herman%20karl&amp;f=false Google Books link]</ref> However, "earliest transsexual genital conversion surgery" depends on one's definition. [[Eunuch]]s have been around for all of human history, and while many eunuchs consider themselves [[Binary genders#Cisgender men|cisgender men]], many others consider themselves another gender that isn't female or male, such as [[hijra]]. Some sources credit the first trans male genital conversion surgery as, instead, the one performed on a trans man named Michael Dillon in the 1930s, perhaps depending on how one defines that surgery.
* The earliest known true [[transsexual]] genital conversion [[surgery]] of any kind was performed in 1882 on a [[Binary genders#Transgender men|trans man]] named Herman Karl.<ref>James Sears, ''Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Issues in Education.'' p. 109. [http://books.google.com/books?id=w7365W7rQKQC&amp;lpg=PA109&amp;ots=gSa98lwR0v&amp;dq=sophia%20hedwig%20transgender%20herman%20karl&amp;pg=PA109#v=onepage&amp;q=sophia%20hedwig%20transgender%20herman%20karl&amp;f=false Google Books link]</ref> However, "earliest transsexual genital conversion surgery" depends on one's definition. [[Eunuch]]s have been around for all of human history, and while many eunuchs consider themselves [[Binary genders#Cisgender men|cisgender men]], many others consider themselves another gender that isn't female or male, such as [[hijra]]. Some sources credit the first trans male genital conversion surgery as, instead, the one performed on a trans man named Michael Dillon in the 1930s, perhaps depending on how one defines that surgery.
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=== 1890s ===
=== 1890s ===


[[File:Autobiography of an Androgyne - The Author—A Modern Living Replica of the Ancient Greek Statue of Hermaphroditos.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jennie June]] in her autobiography, posing as "A Modern Living Replica of the Ancient Greek Statue of Hermaphroditos." 1918.]]
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* Based on Ulrich's work in the 1870s, which were the foundation of Western notions of LGBT people for the next several decades, clinical beliefs around the time of the 1890s "conflat[ed] sex, sexual orientation, and gender expression," thinking of (to use modern words for them) gay, lesbian, transgender, and gender non-conforming people as all having some kind of intersex condition. Such people were said to have "sexual inversion," and were called "inverts."<ref>"What's the history behind the intersex rights movement?" ''Intersex Society of North America.'' http://www.isna.org/faq/history </ref>. Another name used for the same category through the 1890s and 1910s was "the intermediate sex," or the "intermediates," which was not physically intersex, and was understood to be often (though not always) gender nonconforming.<ref>Edward Carpenter. "The intermediate sex." ''Love's Coming-of-Age.'' 1906. Accessed via the archive in ''Sacred Texts'' at  http://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm</ref>
* Based on Ulrich's work in the 1870s, which were the foundation of Western notions of LGBT people for the next several decades, clinical beliefs around the time of the 1890s "conflat[ed] sex, sexual orientation, and gender expression," thinking of (to use modern words for them) gay, lesbian, transgender, and gender non-conforming people as all having some kind of intersex condition. Such people were said to have "sexual inversion," and were called "inverts."<ref>"What's the history behind the intersex rights movement?" ''Intersex Society of North America.'' http://www.isna.org/faq/history </ref>. Another name used for the same category through the 1890s and 1910s was "the intermediate sex," or the "intermediates," which was not physically intersex, and was understood to be often (though not always) gender nonconforming.<ref>Edward Carpenter. "The intermediate sex." ''Love's Coming-of-Age.'' 1906. Accessed via the archive in ''Sacred Texts'' at  http://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm</ref>
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* "In 1895, a group of self-described '[[androgyne|androgynes]]' in New York organized a 'little club called the Cercle Hermaphroditos, based on their self-perceived need 'to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution.'" This group included people who, in today's words, may have called themselves cross-dressers and transgender people.<ref>Susan Stryker, "Why the T in LGBT is here to stay." ''Salon.'' October 11, 2007. [http://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/ http://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/] </ref> The group included a nonbinary autobiographer, [[Notable nonbinary people#Jennie June|Jennie June]].
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* During the 1890s, Paresis Hall in New York City was a place with an active nightlife of LGBT people. In 1895, the autobiographer [[Jennie June]] formed an organization called the Cercle Hermaphroditos, along with other [[androgyne]]s like June's self who frequented Paresis Hall. The purpose of the group was to "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be an invert (an LGBT person).<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> This is one of the earliest known organizations in the US for LGBT rights.<ref>Gross, Tasha. "LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery". ''LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery''. N.p., December 4, 2014. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> <ref name="OutHistory intro">Out History. "Introduction." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref><ref name="Stryker2007">{{Cite web |title=Why the T in LGBT is here to stay |last=Stryker |first=Susan |work=Salon |date=11 October 2007 |access-date=4 July 2020 |url= https://www.salon.com/control/2007/10/11/transgender_2/}}</ref>
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==Twentieth century==
 
[[File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG|thumb|In 1933, Nazis in Berlin burned works by leftists and other authors considered "un-German", including thousands of books looted from the library of Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research.]]
== Século XX ==
 
* In 1905, a 61-year-old person named Randolph Milbourne was arrested for publicly wearing women's clothing. Later, Milbourne stated that "While physically I am a man, yet spiritually and intellectually I am neither a man nor a woman".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Spokane Press|date=May 15, 1905 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085947/1905-05-15/ed-1/seq-3/|title=Ohio Man Wears Woman's Garb In Spite Of Courts}}</ref>
 
[[File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG|thumb|Em 1933, os nazistas em Berlim queimaram obras de esquerdistas e outros autores considerados "não-alemães", incluindo milhares de livros roubados da biblioteca do Instituto de Pesquisa Sexual de Hirschfeld.]]
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* During the 1910s, German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld created the word "transvestite," which at the time meant many more kinds of transgender and even transsexual people. Hirschfeld opened the first clinic to regularly serve them.<ref>Trans Health editors, “Timeline of gender identity research.” 2002-04-23. http://www.trans-health.com/2002/timeline-of-gender-identity-research </ref> Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research had a library of literature about LGBT people, collected from all over Europe, that couldn't be found anywhere else. This started to bring about a revolution in how society understood and accepted LGBT people, and allowing [[children]] to be [[gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]]. Then, in 1933, the Nazis destroyed it all. This set back LGBT rights for another 40 or so years. The progress wasn't matched again until at least 1990.
* During the 1910s, German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld created the word "transvestite," which at the time meant many more kinds of transgender and even transsexual people. Hirschfeld opened the first clinic to regularly serve them.<ref>Trans Health editors, “Timeline of gender identity research.” 2002-04-23. http://www.trans-health.com/2002/timeline-of-gender-identity-research </ref> Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research had a library of literature about LGBT people, collected from all over Europe, that couldn't be found anywhere else. This started to bring about a revolution in how society understood and accepted LGBT people, and allowing [[children]] to be [[gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]]. Then, in 1933, the Nazis destroyed it all. This set back LGBT rights for another 40 or so years. The progress wasn't matched again until at least 1990.
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* The scholar [[Notable nonbinary people#Jennie June|Jennie June]] (born 1874) self-identified as a "fairie", "androgyne", "effeminate man", and an "invert", which were contemporary terms for gender and sexual variance. Her transition included changing her full name to Jennie June, and choosing to be castrated, in order to reduce facial hair and sexual desires that disturbed her. June published her first autobiography, ''The Autobiography of an Androgyne'' in 1918, and her second ''The Female-Impersonators'' in 1922. Her goal in writing her books were to help create an accepting environment for young adults who do not adhere to gender and sexual norms, because that was what she would have wanted for herself, and she wanted to prevent youth from committing suicide.<ref name="Meyerowitz 2010">Meyerowitz, J. "Thinking Sex With An Androgyne". ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'' 17.1 (2010): 97–105. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> June had formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos in 1895, along with other androgynes who frequented Paresis Hall in New York City. The organization was formed in the hopes "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be gender and sex variant.<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref>
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* O estudioso [[Pessoas não binárias notáveis ​​# Jennie June | Jennie June]] (nascida em 1874) se identificou como "fada", "andrógino", "homem afeminado" e "invertido", termos contemporâneos para gênero e variância sexual. Sua transição incluiu mudar seu nome completo para Jennie June, e escolher ser castrada, a fim de reduzir os pelos faciais e os desejos sexuais que a perturbavam. June publicou sua primeira autobiografia, '' The Autobiography of an Androgyne '' em 1918, e seu segundo '' The Female-Impersonators '' em 1922. Seu objetivo ao escrever seus livros era ajudar a criar um ambiente de aceitação para jovens adultos que fazem não aderir a gênero e normas sexuais, porque era isso que ela queria para si mesma, e ela queria evitar que os jovens cometessem suicídio.<ref name="Meyerowitz 2010">Meyerowitz, J. "Thinking Sex With An Androgyne". ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'' 17.1 (2010): 97–105. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> June had formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos in 1895, along with other androgynes who frequented Paresis Hall in New York City. The organization was formed in the hopes "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be gender and sex variant.<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref>
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{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
===1940s===
===1940s===


* During WWII, the Jewish surrealist artist [[Notable nonbinary people#Claude Cahun|Claude Cahun]] (who described their gender as "neutral")<ref>{{Cite book|title=Disavowals : or cancelled confessions|first=Claude|last=Cahun|date=2008|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=9780262533034|oclc=922878515}}</ref> with their life-partner Marcel Moore (also a Jewish artist who chose a neutral name) engaged in resistance work and activism against the Nazis during the German occupation of France. In 1944, Cahun and Moore were arrested by the Nazis and sentenced to death, but the sentence was never carried out as the island was liberated from German occupation in 1945.<ref name=":1" >{{Cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Corinne|date=2005|title=Que me veux-tu?/ What do you want of me?: Claude Cahun's Autoportraits and the Process of Gender Identification|url=|journal=Women in French Studies|volume=13|pages=37–50|via=Project MUSE}}</ref>
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[[File:Claude Cahun.jpg|thumb|Claude Cahun.]]
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* Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o artista surrealista judeu [[Pessoas não binárias notáveis ​​# Claude Cahun | Claude Cahun]] (que descreveu seu gênero como "neutro") {{Cite o livro | title = Rejeições: ou confissões canceladas | primeiro = Claude | último = Cahun | date = 2008 | publisher = The MIT Press | isbn = 9780262533034 | oclc = 922878515}} com seu parceiro de vida Marcel Moore (também um artista judeu que escolheu um nome neutro) engajado no trabalho de resistência e ativismo contra os nazistas durante o Ocupação alemã da França. Em 1944, Cahun e Moore foram presos pelos nazistas e condenados à morte, mas a sentença nunca foi executada porque a ilha foi libertada da ocupação alemã em 1945.<ref name=":1" >{{Cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Corinne|date=2005|title=Que me veux-tu?/ What do you want of me?: Claude Cahun's Autoportraits and the Process of Gender Identification|url=|journal=Women in French Studies|volume=13|pages=37–50|via=Project MUSE}}</ref>
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===1960s===
===1960s===


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* Although the earliest known ''recorded'' mention of the gender-neutral title [[Mx]] was in a magazine article in 1977,<ref>Practical Androgyny (PractiAndrogyny). May 4, 2015. [https://twitter.com/PractiAndrogyny/status/595329679789260801 https://twitter.com/PractiAndrogyny/status/595329679789260801]</ref><ref>''The Single Parent'', vol 20. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Mx https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Mx]</ref> anecdotes say it was in use as far back as 1965.<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge (cassolotl). "Mx has been around since the 1960s." November 26, 2014. Blog post. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405 http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405]</ref><ref>octopus8. November 18, 2014. Comment on news article. [http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx#comment-43834815 http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx#comment-43834815]</ref>
* Although the earliest known ''recorded'' mention of the gender-neutral title [[Mx]] was in a magazine article in 1977,<ref>Practical Androgyny (PractiAndrogyny). May 4, 2015. [https://twitter.com/PractiAndrogyny/status/595329679789260801 https://twitter.com/PractiAndrogyny/status/595329679789260801]</ref><ref>''The Single Parent'', vol 20. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Mx https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Mx]</ref> anecdotes say it was in use as far back as 1965.<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge (cassolotl). "Mx has been around since the 1960s." November 26, 2014. Blog post. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405 http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405]</ref><ref>octopus8. November 18, 2014. Comment on news article. [http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx#comment-43834815 http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx#comment-43834815]</ref>
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===1970s===
===1970s===


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[[File:D.J._Beck.PNG|thumb|280px|D.J. Beck, who described themself as neither male nor female in a 1978 interview published in ''Philadelphia Gay News''.]]
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* During the 1970s and 1980s, feminists Casey Miller and Kate Swift were significant influences on encouraging people to take up [[gender neutral language|gender inclusive language]], as an alternative to sexist language that excludes or dehumanizes women. Some of their books on this are ''Words and Women'' (1976) and ''The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing'' (1980). They also encoraged the use of gender neutral pronouns.<ref>Elizabeth Isele, "Casey Miller and Kate Swift: Women who dared to disturb the lexicon." http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/old-WILLA/fall94/h2-isele.html </ref> Though their work doesn't directly acknowledge the existence of people outside the gender binary, it did help break down societal views of masculine-as-default, and even the extent of the gender binary in language.
* During the 1970s and 1980s, feminists Casey Miller and Kate Swift were significant influences on encouraging people to take up [[gender neutral language|gender inclusive language]], as an alternative to sexist language that excludes or dehumanizes women. Some of their books on this are ''Words and Women'' (1976) and ''The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing'' (1980). They also encoraged the use of gender neutral pronouns.<ref>Elizabeth Isele, "Casey Miller and Kate Swift: Women who dared to disturb the lexicon." http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/old-WILLA/fall94/h2-isele.html </ref> Though their work doesn't directly acknowledge the existence of people outside the gender binary, it did help break down societal views of masculine-as-default, and even the extent of the gender binary in language.
</div>
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* Up until the 1970s, LGBT people of all kinds largely had a sense of being on the same side together. A major rift started in 1979, when [[woman#cisgender women|cisgender woman]] Janice Raymond wrote the book ''Transsexual Empire,'' which outlined her transphobic conspiracy theory which told cisgender women to fear trans women. This started the [[cissexism|trans-exclusionary movement]]. As a result, many [[feminism|feminist]], lesbian, and women-only spaces became hostile to trans women. This dividing issue made it difficult for feminism to develop an understanding of transgender issues in general. In response, the movement of transgender studies began with an essay by trans woman Sandy Stone in 1987.<ref>"History of transgenderism in the United States." ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved November 29, 2014. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States]</ref> Today, the term TERF (Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist) means supposed feminists who discriminate against [[woman#transgender women|trans women]].
</div>


* Up until the 1970s, LGBT people of all kinds largely had a sense of being on the same side together. A major rift started in 1979, when [[Binary genders#Cisgender women|cisgender woman]] Janice Raymond wrote the book ''Transsexual Empire,'' which outlined a transphobic conspiracy theory which told cisgender women to fear trans women. This started the [[cissexism|trans-exclusionary movement]]. As a result, many [[feminism|feminist]], lesbian, and women-only spaces became hostile to trans women. This dividing issue made it difficult for feminism to develop an understanding of transgender issues in general. In response, the movement of transgender studies began with an essay by trans woman Sandy Stone in 1987.<ref>"History of transgenderism in the United States." ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved November 29, 2014. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States]</ref>
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* A 1978 issue of ''Philadelphia Gay News'' contains an interview with someone who started a [[transfeminine]] [[transition]], lived as a woman for a year and a a half, then ceased taking feminizing hormones. The person, going by the name [[D.J. Beck]] at the time, states in the interview that "[Our culture feels] that one must be male or one must be female. Our society demands that you cannot be both, you cannot be in between, you cannot be flexible." and "As much as I felt uncomfortable as a male, I felt unnatural as a female." The interview concludes with Beck saying, "I learned that I'm something that we haven't put a label on yet. I'm something that I think a lot of men and women will someday be able to accept and admit they are: people of a personal psyche that doesn't have to be male or female. [...] The time is coming when we will quit thinking in terms of he or she, and live in the shades of gray." <ref>{{cite journal|date=October 15, 1978|title=Turning back from a one-way journey|journal=Philadelphia Gay News|last=Cwiek|first=Tim|pages=7, 10, 16 |url=https://voices.revealdigital.org/?a=d&d=JDJAJHJJF19781015.1.10&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1}}</ref> If Beck was alive today, they may have identified under the nonbinary/genderqueer umbrella.
</div>


===1980s===
===1980s===


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* In the 1980s, the handbook of psychiatry, the DSM-III, included "Gender Identity Disorder" to diagnose people as transsexual.<ref>Trans Health editors, “Timeline of gender identity research.” 2002-04-23. http://www.trans-health.com/2002/timeline-of-gender-identity-research </ref> It frames being trans as a strictly pathological mental condition. Getting this diagnosis becomes a necessary step for many trans people to transition. Psychologists during this time believed that a legitimately trans person needed to conform very closely to the [[gender binary]], and even needed to be heterosexual. The psychologists focused on trans women, and isolated them from one another, so they had little community. Meanwhile, trans men got less help from that system, and so they largely left it and formed their own communities.<ref>fakecisgirl, "The Misery Pimps: The People Who Impede Trans Liberation." October 7, 2013. ''Fake Cis Girl'' (personal blog). [https://fakecisgirl.wordpress.com/2013/10/07/the-misery-pimps-the-people-who-impede-trans-liberation/ https://fakecisgirl.wordpress.com/2013/10/07/the-misery-pimps-the-people-who-impede-trans-liberation/]</ref>
* In the 1980s, the handbook of psychiatry, the DSM-III, included "Gender Identity Disorder" to diagnose people as transsexual.<ref>Trans Health editors, “Timeline of gender identity research.” 2002-04-23. http://www.trans-health.com/2002/timeline-of-gender-identity-research </ref> It frames being trans as a strictly pathological mental condition. Getting this diagnosis becomes a necessary step for many trans people to transition. Psychologists during this time believed that a legitimately trans person needed to conform very closely to the [[gender binary]], and even needed to be heterosexual. The psychologists focused on trans women, and isolated them from one another, so they had little community. Meanwhile, trans men got less help from that system, and so they largely left it and formed their own communities.<ref>fakecisgirl, "The Misery Pimps: The People Who Impede Trans Liberation." October 7, 2013. ''Fake Cis Girl'' (personal blog). [https://fakecisgirl.wordpress.com/2013/10/07/the-misery-pimps-the-people-who-impede-trans-liberation/ https://fakecisgirl.wordpress.com/2013/10/07/the-misery-pimps-the-people-who-impede-trans-liberation/]</ref>
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* In the 1980s and 1990s, Michael Spivak used a set of [[English neutral pronouns#E|gender-neutral "E, Emself" pronouns]] in his math books, in order to avoid indicating a person's gender. The same or similar pronoun had been coined independently by others in prior years. Due to how Spivak popularized these particular pronouns, these soon became known as "spivak pronouns" when they were built into a place where people talked together on the Internet.<ref>"Gender-neutral pronoun FAQ." [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202924/http://aetherlumina.com/gnp/listing.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202924/http://aetherlumina.com/gnp/listing.html]</ref>
* In the 1980s and 1990s, Michael Spivak used a set of [[English neutral pronouns#E|gender-neutral "E, Emself" pronouns]] in his math books, in order to avoid indicating a person's gender. The same or similar pronoun had been coined independently by others in prior years. Due to how Spivak popularized these particular pronouns, these soon became known as "spivak pronouns" when they were built into a place where people talked together on the Internet.<ref>"Gender-neutral pronoun FAQ." [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202924/http://aetherlumina.com/gnp/listing.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202924/http://aetherlumina.com/gnp/listing.html]</ref>
</div>


===1990s===
===1990s===


* In 1990, the Native American/First Nations gay and lesbian conference chooses [[Two-Spirit]] as a better English umbrella term for some gender identities unique to Native American cultures, many of which can be considered as outside of the Western gender binary.<ref>"Two-Spirit." ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved November 29, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Spirit</ref>
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* The 1990 Bisexual Manifesto published in bi zine "Anything That Moves" shows explicit support of nonbinary gender by stating "Do not assume that [[bisexuality]] is binary or duogamous in nature: that we have 'two' sides or that we must be involved simultaneously with both genders to be fulfilled human beings. In fact, don’t assume that there are only two genders."<ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 Anything That Moves Bisexual Manifesto |author= |work=BiNet USA's Blog |date=20 January 2014 |access-date=15 May 2020 |url= https://binetusa.blogspot.com/2014/01/1990-bi-manifesto.html}}</ref>
* In 1990, the Native American/First Nations gay and lesbian conference chose [[Two-Spirit]] as a better English umbrella term for some gender identities unique to Native American cultures, many of which can be considered as outside of the Western gender binary.<ref>"Two-Spirit." ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved November 29, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Spirit</ref>
* The 1990 Bisexual Manifesto published in bi zine "Anything That Moves" shows explicit support of nonbinary gender by stating "Do not assume that [[bisexuality]] is binary or duogamous in nature: that we have 'two' sides or that we must be involved simultaneously with both genders to be fulfilled human beings. In fact, don’t assume that there are only two genders."<ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 Anything That Moves Bisexual Manifesto |author= |work=BiNet USA's Blog |date=20 January 2014 |access-date=15 May 2020 |url=https://binetusa.blogspot.com/2014/01/1990-bi-manifesto.html |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519201628/http://binetusa.blogspot.com/2014/01/1990-bi-manifesto.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The term "[[Gender Queer]]" was defined in a 1990 book titled ''The Welcoming Congregation Handbook'' as "A person whose understanding of her/hir/his gender identification transcends society's polarized gender system"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Welcoming Congregation Handbook |page=120 |publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association |date=1990 |last=Alexander |first=Scott W. |edition=2nd}}</ref>; it can be surmised that the term "gender queer" was likely in use even before this publication recorded it.
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* In 1994, [[Kate Bornstein]], who currently identifies as nonbinary,<ref>https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/pretty-damn-bowie-kate-bornstein-on-their-broadway-debut-in-straight-white-men</ref> published the book ''Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us,'' about her experience as a transgender person identifying outside of the gender binary.
* In 1994, [[Kate Bornstein]], who currently identifies as nonbinary,<ref>https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/pretty-damn-bowie-kate-bornstein-on-their-broadway-debut-in-straight-white-men</ref> published the book ''Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us,'' about her experience as a transgender person identifying outside of the gender binary.
</div>


* In 1995, a [[neutrois]] person named [[H. A. Burnham]] creates the word "neutrois," a name for a nonbinary gender identity.<ref>Axey, Qwill, Rave, and Luscious Daniel, eds. “FAQ.” Neutrois Outpost. Last updated 2000-11-23. Retrieved 2001-03-07. [http://web.archive.org/web/20010307115554/http://www.neutrois.com/faq.htm http://web.archive.org/web/20010307115554/http://www.neutrois.com/faq.htm]</ref>
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* In 1995, a [[neutrois]] person named [[H. A. Burnham]] created the word "neutrois," a name for a nonbinary gender identity.<ref>Axey, Qwill, Rave, and Luscious Daniel, eds. “FAQ.” Neutrois Outpost. Last updated 2000-11-23. Retrieved 2001-03-07. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010307115554/http://www.neutrois.com/faq.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20010307115554/http://www.neutrois.com/faq.htm]</ref>
* [http://genderqueerid.com/post/8813994851/answering-gender-questions-coining-genderqueer The earliest known use] of the word "[[genderqueer]]" is by [[Riki Anne Wilchins]] in the Spring 1995 newsletter of ''Transexual Menace''. In 1995 she was published in the newsletter ''In Your Face'', where she used the term ''genderqueer''.<ref>Collection: In Your Face / Subject: Riki Anne Wilchins - Digital Transgender Archive Search Results https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/catalog?f%5Bcollection_name_ssim%5D%5B%5D=In+Your+Face&f%5Bdta_other_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Riki+Anne+Wilchins</ref> In the newsletter, the term appears to refer to people with complex or unnamed gender expressions. Wilchins stated she identifies as genderqueer in her 1997 autobiography.<ref>Genderqueer History http://genderqueerid.com/gqhistory</ref>
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* In 1998, an article from a transgender community on the Internet, ''[[Sphere]]'', used the words "queergendered" and "polygendered" interchangeably as umbrella terms for everyone whose gender was outside the gender binary, specifying that these included people who were "[[bigender|bi-gendered]], [[agender|non-gendered]], or [[third gender|third-gendered]]," explaining that some faced difficulty in seeking a gender-ambiguous physical transition.<ref>Danica Nuccitelli. "Polygender FAQ." ''Sphere.'' May 26, 1998. http://gender-sphere.0catch.com/polygenderfaq.htm</ref>  
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* In 1998, an article from a transgender community on the Internet, ''[[Sphere]]'', used the words "queergendered" and "polygendered" interchangeably as umbrella terms for everyone whose gender was outside the gender binary, specifying that these included people who were "[[bigender|bi-gendered]], [[agender|non-gendered]], or [[third gender|third-gendered]]," explaining that some faced difficulty in seeking a gender-ambiguous physical transition.<ref>Danica Nuccitelli. "Polygender FAQ." ''Sphere.'' May 26, 1998. https://web.archive.org/web/20200204005048/http://gender-sphere.0catch.com/polygenderfaq.htm</ref>
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* In the late 1990s, people in Japan who identified as neither male nor female began calling themselves [[X-gender]].  
* No final dos anos 1990, as pessoas no Japão que não se identificavam como homem nem mulher começaram a se autodenominar [[gênero X]].  
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


==Twenty-first century==
== Século XXI ==
[[File:Hijra Protest Islamabad.jpg|thumb|A Pakistani hijra at a protest between two hijra groups from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. 2008.]]
[[File:Hijra Protest Islamabad.jpg|thumb|Uma hijra paquistanesa em um protesto entre dois grupos hijra de Islamabad e Rawalpindi. 2008]]
[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|Asia's first gender queer pride parade in Madurai, 2012.]]
[[File:SF Pride 2014 - Stierch 3.jpg|thumb|Two-spirited pride marchers at San Francisco Pride 2014.]]
===2000s===
===2000s===


* [[Intersex]] Australian Alex MacFarlane believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an "X" sex marker. Australia began to let people mark their gender as "X" on their birth certificates and passports.<ref>"X marks the spot for intersex Alex" Archived 2013-11-11 at WebCite, West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003 https://www.webcitation.org/6L2hqf44G?url=http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf</ref><ref>Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09505430802280784</ref>
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* [[Intersex]] Australian Alex MacFarlane believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an "X" sex marker. Australia began to let people mark their gender as "X" on their birth certificates and passports.<ref>{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Julie|title=X marks the spot for intersex Alex|archive-date=11 November 2013|work=The West Australian |date=11 January 2003 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6L2hqf44G?url=http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf |url=http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Holme|first=Ingrid|year=2008 |title= Hearing People's Own Stories|journal=Science as Culture|volume=17|issue=3|pages=341–344| doi=10.1080/09505430802280784| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09505430802280784}}</ref>
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* In 2009, India began to allow voters outside the gender binary to "register their gender as 'other' on ballots submitted to the Election Commission."<ref name="AdvocateIndia">Sunnivie Brydum. "Indian Supreme Court Recognizes Third Gender." April 15, 2014. ''Advocate.'' https://www.advocate.com/world/2014/04/15/indian-supreme-court-recognizes-third-gender</ref>
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* In 2009, India began to allow voters outside the gender binary to "register their gender as '[[other]]' on ballots submitted to the Election Commission."<ref name="AdvocateIndia">{{cite web|author=Sunnivie Brydum|title=Indian Supreme Court Recognizes Third Gender.|date=April 15, 2014|work=The Advocate| url= https://www.advocate.com/world/2014/04/15/indian-supreme-court-recognizes-third-gender}}</ref>
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===2010s===
===2010s===
{{Outdated Information}}
{{Outdated Information}}
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====2010====
====2010====


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*In August, a user on the Asexual Visibility and Education Network forums took the "demi-" from "demiromantic" and came up with the term "demiguy".<ref>https://www.asexuality.org/en/topic/52633-transwhatevers-of-aven/page/20/?tab=comments#comment-1615634</ref> This concept would eventually catch on and broaden into an array of [[demigender]] labels.
*In December, the US state of Arkansas enacted a policy allowing gender on drivers' licenses and state ID cards to be changed to M, F, or X with "no questions asked, no documentation required". However, this policy received very little attention until 2018.<ref name="Qong">{{Cite web |title=Arkansas Has Been Offering A Nonbinary Gender Option On State IDs For Years |last=Wong |first=Curtis M. |work=HuffPost |date=October 17, 2018 |access-date=June 1, 2020 |url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/arkansas-gender-neutral-state-id-option_n_5bc79f75e4b0d38b5874a669}}</ref>
*In December, the US state of Arkansas enacted a policy allowing gender on drivers' licenses and state ID cards to be changed to M, F, or X with "no questions asked, no documentation required". However, this policy received very little attention until 2018.<ref name="Qong">{{Cite web |title=Arkansas Has Been Offering A Nonbinary Gender Option On State IDs For Years |last=Wong |first=Curtis M. |work=HuffPost |date=October 17, 2018 |access-date=June 1, 2020 |url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/arkansas-gender-neutral-state-id-option_n_5bc79f75e4b0d38b5874a669}}</ref>
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====2011====
====2011====


* In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other".<ref>http://www.attn.com/stories/868/transgender-passport-status</ref><ref>Tristin Hopper, "Genderless passports ‘under review’ in Canada." May 8, 2012. National Post. http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/genderless-passports-under-review-in-canada</ref>
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* In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other".<ref name="Macarow2015">{{Cite web |title=These Eleven Countries are Way Ahead of the US on Trans Issues |last=Macarow |first=Aron |work=ATTN: |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |url= https://archive.attn.com/stories/868/transgender-passport-status}}</ref><ref name="Hopper2012">{{Cite web |title=Genderless passports 'under review' in Canada |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |work=National Post |date=8 May 2012 |access-date=26 April 2021 |url= https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/genderless-passports-under-review-in-canada}}</ref>
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====2012====
====2012====
* Em 14 de julho, foi celebrado o primeiro [[Dia Internacional Não-Binário]] anual, criado por [[Katje van Loon]].
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[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|Primeira parada do orgulho gay de gênero da Ásia em Madurai, 2012.]]
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*On 14th July, the first annual [[International Nonbinary Day]], created by [[Katje van Loon]], was celebrated.
*On 14th July, the first annual [[International Nonbinary Day]], created by [[Katje van Loon]], was celebrated.
{{Clear}}
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====2013====
====2013====
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* A newer version of the handbook of psychiatry, the DSM-5, replaces the "gender identity disorder" diagnosis with "[[gender dysphoria]]," to lessen the pathologization of transgender people.<ref>"History of transgenderism in the United States." ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved November 29, 2014. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States]</ref>
* A newer version of the handbook of psychiatry, the DSM-5, replaces the "gender identity disorder" diagnosis with "[[gender dysphoria]]," to lessen the pathologization of transgender people.<ref>"History of transgenderism in the United States." ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved November 29, 2014. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgenderism_in_the_United_States]</ref>
* A nonbinary tumblr user coins the term "enby" as a shorthand for "nonbinary person".<ref name="enby">{{Cite web |title=Queer Etymology: Enby |author= |work=Androgyne of the Archeart |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=13 June 2020 |url= https://blog.sixy.name/2019/12/16/queer-etymology-enby/}}</ref>
* In September 2013, a nonbinary tumblr user by the handle "revolutionator" coins the term "enby" as a short for "nonbinary person" or "NB".<ref name="enby">{{Cite web |title=Queer Etymology: Enby |author= |work=Androgyne of the Archeart |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=13 June 2020 |url=https://blog.sixy.name/2019/12/16/queer-etymology-enby/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213084020/https://blog.sixy.name/2019/12/16/queer-etymology-enby/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* On November 4, 2013 in the US, 18-year-old Sasha Fleischman was assaulted for wearing gender nonconforming clothing. Sasha identifies as [[genderqueer]] and [[agender]], and goes by "they" pronouns. When they had fallen asleep on a public bus, a stranger lit Sasha's skirt on fire. Sasha survived, suffering second and third degree burns. In the following weeks, allies showed support by marching along that bus route, tying rainbow ribbons to poles, and writing letters. Several schools sponsored skirt-wearing days. The assailant was sentenced to seven years in juvenile detention.<ref>Dashka Slater, "The Fire on the 57 Bus in Oakland." ''The New York Times Magazine.'' February 1, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/01/magazine/the-fire-on-the-57-bus-in-oakland.html</ref> The nonfiction book ''The 57 Bus'' explores the incident in detail.<ref>Slater, Dashka (October 17, 2017). ''The 57 Bus''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). ISBN 9780374303235.</ref>
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====2014====
====2014====
 
[[File:SF Pride 2014 - Stierch 3.jpg|thumb|Manifestantes do orgulho de dois espíritos no Orgulho de São Francisco de 2014.]]
* The Supreme Court of India ruled in favor of rights and legal recognition of "Indians who identify as neither male nor female, or those who identify as transgender women, known as hijra."<ref name="AdvocateIndia" />
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* The social networking site Facebook began to let users to choose from 50 gender options.  
* A Suprema Corte da Índia decidiu a favor dos direitos e reconhecimento legal de "índios que não se identificam como homem nem mulher, ou aqueles que se identificam como mulheres transexuais, conhecidos como hijra".<ref name="AdvocateIndia" />
* The transgender community on the social networking site Tumblr created hundreds of [[nounself pronouns]].
* O site de rede social Facebook começou a permitir que os usuários escolhessem entre 50 opções de gênero.
* A comunidade transgênero no site de rede social Tumblr criou centenas de [[pronomes]].
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====2015====
====2015====


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* Nepal began to allow X gender passports.<ref>Clarissa-Jan Lim. "New 'Third Gender' Option on Nepal Passports Finally Protects the Rights of LGBT Community." ''Bustle''. January 8, 2015. http://www.bustle.com/articles/57466-new-third-gender-option-on-nepal-passports-finally-protects-the-rights-of-lgbt-community</ref>
* Nepal began to allow X gender passports.<ref>Clarissa-Jan Lim. "New 'Third Gender' Option on Nepal Passports Finally Protects the Rights of LGBT Community." ''Bustle''. January 8, 2015. http://www.bustle.com/articles/57466-new-third-gender-option-on-nepal-passports-finally-protects-the-rights-of-lgbt-community</ref>
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* Dictionary.com put in the nonbinary gender words [[agender]], [[bigender]], and [[genderfluid]].<ref>"New words added to Dictionary.com." May 6, 2015. ''Dictionary.com.'' [http://blog.dictionary.com/2015-new-words/ http://blog.dictionary.com/2015-new-words/]</ref> Meanwhile, the Oxford English Dictionary announced that it might add the title [[Mx]].<ref>Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith, "Gender neutral honorific Mx 'to be included' in the Oxford English Dictionary alongside Mr, Ms and Mrs and Miss." May 3, 2015. ''The Independent''. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html]</ref><ref>Mary Papenfuss, "Oxford Dictionary may include gender-neutral honorific 'Mx'." May 5, 2015. ''International Business Times.'' [http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626 http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626]</ref>
* Dictionary.com put in the nonbinary gender words [[agender]], [[bigender]], and [[genderfluid]].<ref>"New words added to Dictionary.com." May 6, 2015. ''Dictionary.com.'' [http://blog.dictionary.com/2015-new-words/ http://blog.dictionary.com/2015-new-words/]</ref> Meanwhile, the Oxford English Dictionary announced that it might add the title [[Mx]].<ref>Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith, "Gender neutral honorific Mx 'to be included' in the Oxford English Dictionary alongside Mr, Ms and Mrs and Miss." May 3, 2015. ''The Independent''. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html]</ref><ref>Mary Papenfuss, "Oxford Dictionary may include gender-neutral honorific 'Mx'." May 5, 2015. ''International Business Times.'' [http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626 http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626]</ref>
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* One of Irish broadcaster RTE’s best-known journalists, [[Notable nonbinary people#Jonathan Rachel Clynch|Jonathan Rachel Clynch]], came out as genderfluid.<ref>Tom Sykes, "A ‘Gender Fluid’ Journalist Comes Out To Irish Cheers." 2015-09-18. ''Daily Beast.'' http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/18/a-gender-fluid-journalist-comes-out-to-irish-cheers.html</ref>  
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* One of Irish broadcaster RTE’s best-known journalists, [[Notable nonbinary people#Jonathan Rachel Clynch|Jonathan Rachel Clynch]], came out as genderfluid.<ref>Tom Sykes, "A ‘Gender Fluid’ Journalist Comes Out To Irish Cheers." 2015-09-18. ''Daily Beast.'' http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/18/a-gender-fluid-journalist-comes-out-to-irish-cheers.html</ref>
</div>  


* Singer, songwriter, and actor [[Notable nonbinary people#Miley Cyrus|Miley Cyrus]] explained she didn't relate to being a girl or a boy.<ref name=cyrusout>''[http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/exclusive-miley-cyrus-launches-anti-homelessness-pro-lgbt-happy-hippie-foundation Exclusive: Miley Cyrus Launches Anti-Homelessness, Pro-LGBT ‘Happy Hippie Foundation’]'', out.com, May 5, 2015</ref>
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* Singer, songwriter, and actor [[Miley Cyrus]] explained she didn't relate to being a girl or a boy.<ref name=cyrusout>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Miley Cyrus Launches Anti-Homelessness, Pro-LGBT ‘Happy Hippie Foundation’ |last=Krochmal |first=Shana Naomi |work=out.com |date=May 5, 2015 |access-date=October 27, 2020 |url= https://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/exclusive-miley-cyrus-launches-anti-homelessness-pro-lgbt-happy-hippie-foundation}}</ref>
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
*The Washington Post style guide was updated to allow use of [[singular they]], with Post copy editor Bill Walsh saying: {{quote|What finally pushed me from acceptance to action on [[gender neutral pronouns|gender-neutral pronouns]] was the increasing visibility of [[gender-neutral]] people. The Post has run at least one profile of a person who identifies as neither male nor female and specifically requests ''they'' and the like instead of ''he'' or ''she''. Trans and [[genderqueer]] awareness will raise difficult questions down the road, with some people requesting [[Neopronouns|newly invented or even individually made-up pronouns]]. [...] But simply allowing ''they'' for a [[gender-nonconforming]] person is a no-brainer. And once we've done that, why not allow it for the most awkward of those ''he or she'' situations that have troubled us for so many years?<ref>{{cite web |date= December 4, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-post-drops-the-mike--and-the-hyphen-in-e-mail/2015/12/04/ccd6e33a-98fa-11e5-8917-653b65c809eb_story.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117232610/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-post-drops-the-mike--and-the-hyphen-in-e-mail/2015/12/04/ccd6e33a-98fa-11e5-8917-653b65c809eb_story.html |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |last=Walsh |first=Bill |title=The Post drops the 'mike' — and the hyphen in 'e-mail'}}</ref>}}
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====2016====
====2016====


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* On January 8, the American Dialect Society voted [[singular they]] as Word of the Year for 2015, with ADS member Ben Zimmer stating "In the past year, new expressions of [[gender identity]] have generated a deal of discussion, and singular ''they'' has become a particularly significant element of that conversation. While many novel gender-neutral pronouns have been proposed, ''they'' has the advantage of already being part of the language." Singular "they" also won in the Most Useful category, beating out other contenders including "mic drop", "microaggression", and "shade" by a wide margin.<ref name="ADSthey">{{Cite web |title=2015 Word of the Year is singular “they” |author= |work=American Dialect Society |date=January 8, 2016 |access-date=October 27, 2020 |url= https://www.americandialect.org/2015-word-of-the-year-is-singular-they}}</ref>
* In the USA, the states of Oregon and then California began to allow for a nonbinary legal gender, though getting this recognized on identity documents (driver's licenses and passports) is another matter. California began to allow nonbinary driver's licenses.<ref name="OHara">{{Cite web |title=Californian becomes second US citizen granted 'non-binary' gender status |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |work=NBC News |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 }}</ref>
* In the USA, the states of Oregon and then California began to allow for a nonbinary legal gender, though getting this recognized on identity documents (driver's licenses and passports) is another matter. California began to allow nonbinary driver's licenses.<ref name="OHara">{{Cite web |title=Californian becomes second US citizen granted 'non-binary' gender status |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |work=NBC News |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 }}</ref>
*In April, Merriam-Webster added [[cisgender]], [[genderqueer]], and [[Mx]]. to its unabridged dictionary.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=MerriamWebster|number=722817225925791744|title=Cisgender, Mx., and genderqueer are all new additions to the Unabridged today. Here's our article on 'cisgender'. https://t.co/9fvlhnlIPv|date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
*In April, Merriam-Webster added [[cisgender]], [[genderqueer]], and [[Mx]]. to its unabridged dictionary.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=MerriamWebster|number=722817225925791744|title=Cisgender, Mx., and genderqueer are all new additions to the Unabridged today. Here's our article on 'cisgender'. https://t.co/9fvlhnlIPv|date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
*On the 2016 Australian Census, for the first time people could identify themselves as "male", "female", or "[[other]]". 1300 people selected "other".<ref name="power2017">{{Cite web |title=Being gender non-binary on the Census, dyke is a dirty word and Ramadan fundraising |author=Power, Shannon |work=The Informer |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=15 October 2020 |url= https://joy.org.au/theinformer/2017/06/28/gender-non-binary-census-dyke-dirty-word-ramadan-fundraising/}}</ref>
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====2017====
====2017====
*In the USA, California passed the 2017 Gender Recognition Act "to ensure that intersex, transgender, and nonbinary people have state-issued identification documents that provide full legal [[Recognition (USA)|recognition]] of their accurate gender identity."<ref name="Bermudez">{{Cite web |title=California’s Gender Recognition Act and Impact on Employers - Klinedinst |last=Bermudez |first=Nadia P. |work=Klinedinst Attorneys |date=November 8, 2017 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://klinedinstlaw.com/employment-law/california-gender-recognition-act-impact-employers}}</ref><ref name="SB179">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179) |author=Transgender Law Center |work= |date=2018 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179}}</ref>
*In the USA, California passed the [[2017 Gender Recognition Act]] "to ensure that intersex, transgender, and nonbinary people have state-issued identification documents that provide full legal [[Recognition (USA)|recognition]] of their accurate gender identity."<ref name="Bermudez">{{Cite web |title=California’s Gender Recognition Act and Impact on Employers - Klinedinst |last=Bermudez |first=Nadia P. |work=Klinedinst Attorneys |date=November 8, 2017 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url=https://klinedinstlaw.com/employment-law/california-gender-recognition-act-impact-employers |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604104058/https://klinedinstlaw.com/employment-law/california-gender-recognition-act-impact-employers |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SB179">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179) |author=Transgender Law Center |work= |date=2018 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000749/https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*In June 2017, USA's District of Colombia began to offer nonbinary driver's licenses and identification cards.<ref name="Stein">{{Cite web |title=Meet the first person in the country to officially receive a gender-neutral driver's license |last=Stein |first=Perry |work=Washington Post |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=14 April 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/meet-the-first-person-in-the-country-to-officially-receive-a-gender-neutral-drivers-license/2017/06/30/bcb78afc-5d9a-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html}}</ref> Activist [[Shige Sakurai]] was the first to receive one of these "X"-marked licenses.<ref name="Norwood">{{Cite web |title=How Governments Are Transitioning Their Gender Policies to Nonbinary |last=Norwood |first=Candice |work=governing.com |date=June 2019 |access-date=29 May 2020 |url= https://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-nonbinary-lgbtq-legislation-regulations.html}}</ref> Soon after, the state of Oregon also began to issue gender-neutral IDs.<ref name="Stein"/>
*In June 2017, USA's District of Colombia began to offer nonbinary driver's licenses and identification cards.<ref name="Stein">{{Cite web |title=Meet the first person in the country to officially receive a gender-neutral driver's license |last=Stein |first=Perry |work=Washington Post |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=14 April 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/meet-the-first-person-in-the-country-to-officially-receive-a-gender-neutral-drivers-license/2017/06/30/bcb78afc-5d9a-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html}}</ref> Activist [[Shige Sakurai]] was the first to receive one of these "X"-marked licenses.<ref name="Norwood">{{Cite web |title=How Governments Are Transitioning Their Gender Policies to Nonbinary |last=Norwood |first=Candice |work=governing.com |date=June 2019 |access-date=29 May 2020 |url= https://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-nonbinary-lgbtq-legislation-regulations.html}}</ref> Soon after, the state of Oregon also began to issue gender-neutral IDs.<ref name="Stein"/>
* The country of Malta began to offer "X" gender markers on passports and other documents.<ref name="into_Malt">{{Cite web |title=Malta Becomes Latest Country to Allow Non-Binary Option on Passports |author= |work=INTO |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=1 June 2020 |url= https://www.intomore.com/impact/malta-becomes-latest-country-to-allow-nonbinary-option-on-passports}}</ref>
* The country of Malta began to offer "X" gender markers on passports and other documents.<ref name="into_Malt">{{Cite web |title=Malta Becomes Latest Country to Allow Non-Binary Option on Passports |author= |work=INTO |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=1 June 2020 |url= https://www.intomore.com/impact/malta-becomes-latest-country-to-allow-nonbinary-option-on-passports}}</ref>
* Popular musician Sam Smith came out stating in an interview that "I don't know what the title would be but I feel just as much woman as I am man." <ref name="Besanvalle">{{Cite web |title=Sam Smith on his gender identity: 'I feel just as much woman as I am man' |last=Besanvalle |first=James |work=Gay Star News |date=22 October 2017 |access-date=27 April 2020 |url= https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sam-smith-i-feel-just-much-woman-i-man/}}</ref>
* Popular musician Sam Smith came out stating in an interview that "I don't know what the title would be but I feel just as much woman as I am man." <ref name="Besanvalle">{{Cite web |title=Sam Smith on his gender identity: 'I feel just as much woman as I am man' |last=Besanvalle |first=James |work=Gay Star News |date=22 October 2017 |access-date=27 April 2020 |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sam-smith-i-feel-just-much-woman-i-man/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819171648/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sam-smith-i-feel-just-much-woman-i-man/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In Germany, a person petitioned the registry office to change the gender on their birth record from "female" to "diverse". In regard to this case, the German Constitutional Court made a judgement suggesting "waiving the mandatory entry of gender in registries, or offering a different option besides male or female", reasoning that "denial of recognition of a non-binary gender identity does endanger the constitutionally protected free personality development."<ref name="tgeu_Join">{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement: Civil Society welcomes ground-breaking German Constitutional Court demand for a new regulation of sex registration |author= |work=TGEU |date=8 November 2017 |access-date=15 November 2020 |url= https://tgeu.org/joint-statement-civil-society-welcomes-ground-breaking-german-constitutional-court-demand-for-a-new-regulation-of-sex-registration/}}</ref>
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====2018====
====2018====
*In  January, Washington state began to allow "X" gender markers on official documents<ref name="Jackman">{{Cite web |title=Washington to recognise third gender in groundbreaking move |last=Jackman |first=Josh |work=PinkNews |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/05/washington-to-recognise-third-gender-in-groundbreaking-move/}}</ref>, with the law stating that {{quote|"X" means a gender that is not exclusively male or female, including, but not limited to, [[intersex]], [[agender]], [[amalgagender]], [[androgynous]], [[bigender]], [[demigender]], female-to-male, [[genderfluid]], [[genderqueer]], male-to-female, [[neutrois]], [[nonbinary]], [[pangender]], [[third gender|third sex]], [[transgender]], [[transsexual]], [[Two Spirit]], and unspecified.<ref name="washington">{{Cite web |title=WAC 246-490-075: Changing sex designation on a birth certificate. |author= |work=Washington State Legislature |date= |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://app.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=246-490-075}}</ref>}}
*In  January, Washington state began to allow "X" gender markers on official documents<ref name="Jackman">{{Cite web |title=Washington to recognise third gender in groundbreaking move |last=Jackman |first=Josh |work=PinkNews |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/05/washington-to-recognise-third-gender-in-groundbreaking-move/}}</ref>, with the law stating that {{quote|"X" means a gender that is not exclusively male or female, including, but not limited to, [[intersex]], [[agender]], [[amalgagender]], [[androgynous]], [[bigender]], [[demigender]], female-to-male, [[genderfluid]], [[genderqueer]], male-to-female, [[neutrois]], [[nonbinary]], [[pangender]], [[third gender|third sex]], [[transgender]], [[transsexual]], [[Two Spirit]], and unspecified.<ref name="washington">{{Cite web |title=WAC 246-490-075: Changing sex designation on a birth certificate. |author= |work=Washington State Legislature |date= |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://app.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=246-490-075}}</ref>}}
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*In October, the first [[International Pronouns Day]] took place with participation in 25 countries.
*In October, the first [[International Pronouns Day]] took place with participation in 25 countries.
*In October, New York City passed a law (taking effect January 1, 2019) allowing [[Recognition (USA)|"X" gender markers on birth certificates]], and allows the marker to be changed without medical documentation.<ref name="Ohara2018">{{Cite web |title=New York City Just Passed a Gender-Neutral Birth Certificate Law |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |work=them. |date=10 October 2018 |access-date=21 June 2020 |url= https://www.them.us/story/gender-neutral-birth-certificate-law-nyc}}</ref>
*In October, New York City passed a law (taking effect January 1, 2019) allowing [[Recognition (USA)|"X" gender markers on birth certificates]], and allows the marker to be changed without medical documentation.<ref name="Ohara2018">{{Cite web |title=New York City Just Passed a Gender-Neutral Birth Certificate Law |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |work=them. |date=10 October 2018 |access-date=21 June 2020 |url= https://www.them.us/story/gender-neutral-birth-certificate-law-nyc}}</ref>
*In October, the Netherlands issued its first-ever passport with "X" gender designation. This was done for 57-year-old [[Leonne Zeegers]].<ref name="Dutch-X-Passport">{{Cite web |title=First Dutch gender-neutral passport issued |author= |work=BBC News |date=19 October 2018 |access-date=1 October 2020 |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45914813 }}</ref>
* Washington, D.C. public schools began to offer "nonbinary" as a gender option on school enrollment forms.<ref name="nyti_Some">{{Cite web |title=Some Schools Allow Children to Register With a Gender Option Besides Girl or Boy |author=De La Cruz, Donna |work=nytimes.com |date=November 19, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2020 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/19/well/family/some-schools-allow-children-to-register-with-a-gender-option-besides-girl-or-boy.html}}</ref>
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
====2019====
====2019====
*In the USA in February, Kirsten Gillibrand, one of the many Democratic candidates for president, said she endorses the availability of "X" [[gender markers]] for nonbinary people.<ref name="GillibrandX">{{Cite web |title=2020 contender Kirsten Gillibrand backs third gender classification at federal level |last=Erickson |first=Bo |work=CBS News |date=February 16, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kirsten-gillibrand-2020-democratic-contender-backs-third-gender-classification-at-federal-level/}}</ref>
*In March, nonbinary person Finley Norris became the first person in the state of Indiana, USA to receive a driver's license with an "X" gender marker.<ref name="Norwood"/>
*In March, nonbinary person Finley Norris became the first person in the state of Indiana, USA to receive a driver's license with an "X" gender marker.<ref name="Norwood"/>
*Google released 53 new emoji variations with specifically [[gender neutral]] appearance.<ref name="England2019">{{Cite web |title=Google is releasing 53 new gender neutral emojis |last=England |first=Jason |work=Android Central |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=17 June 2020 |url= https://www.androidcentral.com/google-releasing-53-new-gender-neutral-emojis}}</ref>
*Google released 53 new emoji variations with specifically [[gender neutral]] appearance.<ref name="England2019">{{Cite web |title=Google is releasing 53 new gender neutral emojis |last=England |first=Jason |work=Android Central |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=17 June 2020 |url= https://www.androidcentral.com/google-releasing-53-new-gender-neutral-emojis}}</ref>
*In November, Massachusetts began allowing an X as a nonbinary gender marker on Driver's Licenses and State IDs. <ref name="Massgov">{{Cite web |title=Massachusetts Allows Nonbinary Marker on Licenses, IDs |work=mass.gov|date=November 19, 2019 |access-date=25 January 2021 |url= https://www.mass.gov/news/massachusetts-allows-nonbinary-marker-on-licenses-ids#:~:text=Boston%2C%20MA%20%E2%80%94%20The%20Massachusetts%20Commission,Commission%2C%20and%20follows%20years%20of}}</ref>
*Merriam-Webster declared [[singular they|"they"]] as the top Word of the Year.<ref name="MW2019">{{Cite web |title=Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year 2019 |author= |work=merriam-webster.com |date=2019 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year/they}}</ref>
*Merriam-Webster declared [[singular they|"they"]] as the top Word of the Year.<ref name="MW2019">{{Cite web |title=Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year 2019 |author= |work=merriam-webster.com |date=2019 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year/they}}</ref>
*Collins Dictionary added the word "non-binary".<ref name="wale_Coll">{{Cite web |title=Collins Dictionary recognise the word 'non-binary' |last=McGee |first=Sarah |work=WalesOnline |date=7 November 2019 |access-date=27 May 2020 |url= https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/collins-dictionary-recognises-word-non-17212246}}</ref>
*Collins Dictionary added the word "non-binary".<ref name="wale_Coll">{{Cite web |title=Collins Dictionary recognise the word 'non-binary' |last=McGee |first=Sarah |work=WalesOnline |date=7 November 2019 |access-date=27 May 2020 |url= https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/collins-dictionary-recognises-word-non-17212246}}</ref>
*"[[Genderqueer]]", "[[agender]]", "[[cisgender]]", "[[Misgendering|misgender]]", "[[transphobia]]", and "[[ze/hir|ze]]" are added to the international Scrabble dictionary.<ref name="Kiley">{{Cite web |title=Scrabble Approves 'Genderqueer,' 'Ze,' and Other LGBTQ Terms |last=Kiley |first=Rachel |work=Pride.com |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=17 June 2020 |url= https://www.pride.com/news/2019/5/06/scrabble-approves-genderqueer-ze-and-other-lgbtq-terms}}</ref>
*"[[Genderqueer]]", "[[agender]]", "[[cisgender]]", "[[Misgendering|misgender]]", "[[transphobia]]", and "[[ze/hir|ze]]" are added to the international Scrabble dictionary.<ref name="Kiley">{{Cite web |title=Scrabble Approves 'Genderqueer,' 'Ze,' and Other LGBTQ Terms |last=Kiley |first=Rachel |work=Pride.com |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=17 June 2020 |url= https://www.pride.com/news/2019/5/06/scrabble-approves-genderqueer-ze-and-other-lgbtq-terms}}</ref>
*Canada's 2019 Census Test (in preparation for the 2021 Census) now includes separate questions about [[Assigned at birth|sex at birth]] and [[gender]], and also allows nonbinary gender answers.<ref>https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/road2021-chemin2021/fs-fi/sex-and-gender.cfm</ref>
*Canada's 2019 Census Test (in preparation for the 2021 Census) now includes separate questions about [[Assigned at birth|sex at birth]] and [[gender]], and also allows nonbinary gender answers.<ref>https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/road2021-chemin2021/fs-fi/sex-and-gender.cfm</ref>
* The American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide is updated to endorse the use of [[singular they]]: "Writers should use the singular 'they' in two main cases: (a) when referring to a generic person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context and (b) when referring to a specific, known person who uses 'they' as their pronoun."<ref name="LeeAPA">{{Cite web |title=Welcome, singular “they” |last=Lee |first=Chelsea |work=APA Style |date=31 October 2019 |access-date=21 June 2020 |url= https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/singular-they}}</ref>
* The American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide was updated to endorse the use of [[singular they]]: "Writers should use the singular 'they' in two main cases: (a) when referring to a generic person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context and (b) when referring to a specific, known person who uses 'they' as their pronoun."<ref name="LeeAPA">{{Cite web |title=Welcome, singular “they” |last=Lee |first=Chelsea |work=APA Style |date=31 October 2019 |access-date=21 June 2020 |url= https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/singular-they}}</ref>
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===2020s===
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
====2020====
====2020====
* American presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren promises that if she is elected, she will have "at least 50% of Cabinet positions filled by women and non binary people."<ref name="Warren">{{Cite web |title=Restoring Integrity and Competence to Government After Trump |last=Warren |first=Elizabeth |work=Medium |date=21 Jan 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |url= https://medium.com/@teamwarren/restoring-integrity-and-competence-to-government-after-trump-1fda0e1cc4c5}}</ref><ref name="Urbanski">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Warren pledges to fill at least half her Cabinet with women and 'non binary people' |last=Urbanski |first=Dave |work=TheBlaze |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |url= https://www.theblaze.com/news/elizabeth-warren-cabinet-women-and-non-binary}}</ref>
* In January, American presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren promised that if she is elected, she will have "at least 50% of Cabinet positions filled by women and non binary people."<ref name="Warren">{{Cite web |title=Restoring Integrity and Competence to Government After Trump |last=Warren |first=Elizabeth |work=Medium |date=21 Jan 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |url= https://medium.com/@teamwarren/restoring-integrity-and-competence-to-government-after-trump-1fda0e1cc4c5}}</ref><ref name="Urbanski">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Warren pledges to fill at least half her Cabinet with women and 'non binary people' |last=Urbanski |first=Dave |work=TheBlaze |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |url= https://www.theblaze.com/news/elizabeth-warren-cabinet-women-and-non-binary}}</ref>
* In February, it was announced that Nepal's 2021 census would have a third gender option.<ref name="Nepalcensus">{{Cite web |title=Nepal to count third gender in population census expanding social benefits to LGBTQ+community |last=Mohamedbhai |first=Tahira |work=Jurist.org |date=6 February 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |url= https://www.jurist.org/news/2020/02/nepal-to-count-third-gender-in-population-census-expanding-social-benefits-to-lgbtqcommunity/}}</ref>
* On February 25, Ro Khanna, a Democratic member of the USA House of Representatives, proposed the Gender Inclusive Passport Act, which would add an "X" option to USA passports.<ref name="Sanders">{{Cite web |title=Proposed Bill Would Add Gender-Neutral Option to U.S. Passports |last=Sanders |first=Wren |work=them. |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=13 June 2020 |url= https://www.them.us/story/gender-neutral-option-us-passports}}</ref>
* On February 25, Ro Khanna, a Democratic member of the USA House of Representatives, proposed the Gender Inclusive Passport Act, which would add an "X" option to USA passports.<ref name="Sanders">{{Cite web |title=Proposed Bill Would Add Gender-Neutral Option to U.S. Passports |last=Sanders |first=Wren |work=them. |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=13 June 2020 |url= https://www.them.us/story/gender-neutral-option-us-passports}}</ref>
* Marvel Comics' series ''The New Warriors'' introduced a nonbinary superhero named "Snowflake", and received widespread backlash.<ref name="Villarreal">{{Cite web |title=Marvel criticized for first non-binary superhero named “Snowflake” |last=Villarreal |first=Daniel |work=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2020/03/marvel-criticized-first-non-binary-superhero-named-snowflake/ }}</ref>
* Marvel Comics' series ''The New Warriors'' introduced a nonbinary superhero named "Snowflake", and received widespread backlash.<ref name="Villarreal">{{Cite web |title=Marvel criticized for first non-binary superhero named “Snowflake” |last=Villarreal |first=Daniel |work=LGBTQ Nation |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2020/03/marvel-criticized-first-non-binary-superhero-named-snowflake/ }}</ref>
*In the USA, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam signed Senate Bill 246 on March 31, allowing for driver's license applicants to mark “male,” “female” or “non-binary” when designating their sex. The bill goes into effect July 1.<ref name="VanSlooten">{{Cite web |title=Northam signs Va. non-binary driver’s license bill into law |last=Van Slooten |first=Philip |work=Washington Blade |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonblade.com/2020/04/07/northam-signs-va-non-binary-drivers-license-bill-into-law/}}</ref>
*In the USA, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam signed Senate Bill 246 on March 31, allowing for driver's license applicants to mark “male,” “female” or “non-binary” when designating their sex. The bill went into effect July 1.<ref name="VanSlooten">{{Cite web |title=Northam signs Va. non-binary driver’s license bill into law |last=Van Slooten |first=Philip |work=Washington Blade |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonblade.com/2020/04/07/northam-signs-va-non-binary-drivers-license-bill-into-law/}}</ref>
* In July, a nonbinary New Yorker sued the state in pursuit of an "X" [[gender marker]] on their driver's license. New York currently only allows "M" or "F" gender markers on licenses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York state sued over driver’s licenses that limit gender to ‘M’ or ‘F’ |work=syracuse.com |date=July 28, 2020 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |url= https://www.syracuse.com/state/2020/07/new-york-state-sued-over-drivers-licenses-that-limit-gender-to-m-or-f.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nonbinary NYU Law Student Sues To Get "X" Gender Option On NY Driver's Licenses |last=Cruz |first=David |work=Gothamist |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |url= https://gothamist.com/news/nonbinary-nyu-law-student-sues-get-x-gender-option-ny-drivers-licenses}}</ref>
* The 2020 USA Census made headlines for lack of a nonbinary gender option.<ref name="news_The2">{{Cite web |title=The 2020 Census Is Underway, But Nonbinary And Gender-Nonconforming Respondents Feel Counted Out |last=Schmid |first=Eric |work=St. Louis Public Radio |date=March 17, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/2020-census-underway-nonbinary-and-gender-nonconforming-respondents-feel-counted-out#stream/0}}</ref><ref name="Brown">{{Cite web |title=The 2020 Census Fails Nonbinary Folks, But It’s Important To Take Part Anyway |last=Brown |first=Jera |work=Rebellious Magazine |date= |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://rebelliousmagazine.com/the-2020-census-fails-nonbinary-folks-but-its-important-to-take-part-anyway/}}</ref>
* The 2020 USA Census made headlines for lack of a nonbinary gender option.<ref name="news_The2">{{Cite web |title=The 2020 Census Is Underway, But Nonbinary And Gender-Nonconforming Respondents Feel Counted Out |last=Schmid |first=Eric |work=St. Louis Public Radio |date=March 17, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/2020-census-underway-nonbinary-and-gender-nonconforming-respondents-feel-counted-out#stream/0}}</ref><ref name="Brown">{{Cite web |title=The 2020 Census Fails Nonbinary Folks, But It’s Important To Take Part Anyway |last=Brown |first=Jera |work=Rebellious Magazine |date= |access-date=14 May 2020 |url= https://rebelliousmagazine.com/the-2020-census-fails-nonbinary-folks-but-its-important-to-take-part-anyway/}}</ref>
*In August 2020, the well-known videogame journalist and internet personality [[Jim Sterling]] came out as nonbinary.<ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Sterling|first=Jim|title=I am non-binary pansexual gendertrash. I like all pronouns. I haven't been this comfortable with myself before. Ever''.''|user=jimsterling|number=1298199496652918784|date=August 25, 2020|access-date=August 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825123123/https://twitter.com/JimSterling/status/1298199496652918784|archive-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref>
* In the November 3rd elections, [[Mauree Turner]] was elected to the Oklahoma state legislature, making them the first out nonbinary person elected to any USA state legislature.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite web |title=Mauree Turner is the first nonbinary and first Muslim Oklahoma state lawmaker |last=Smith |first=Kelsie |work=CNN |date=November 5, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2020 |url= https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/05/politics/first-nonbinary-and-muslim-oklahoma-lawmaker/index.html}}</ref>
*In the US state of North Carolina, December 6 was formally recognized by the legislature as Gender Expansive Parents' Day.<ref name="news_Aday">{{Cite web |title=A day to celebrate all parents, including LGBTQ parents, in NC |last=Vaughan |first=Dawn Baumgartner |work=The News & Observer |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021 |url= https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article247605375.html}}</ref>
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
====2021====
*Early in January, in Iceland, private businesses and government offices alike began to offer "male, female, nonbinary, [[other]], and the option to decline to answer" regarding gender registrations. This was the taking effect of a gender determination law that was passed in June 2019.<ref name="IcelandGrapevine">{{Cite web |title=Nonbinary Gender Registration Finally Opens In Iceland |last=Fontaine |first=Andie Sophia |work=The Reykjavik Grapevine |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |url= https://grapevine.is/news/2021/01/08/nonbinary-gender-registration-finally-opens-in-iceland/}}</ref>
*In April, Dictionary.com officially added the word "enby"<ref name="Kinlaw">{{Cite web |title=OPINION: 'Sourdough' finally gets its own entry in online dictionary |last=Kinlaw |first=Bernadette |work=Arkansas Online |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |url= https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/apr/19/dictionary-has-added-new-words/?features-style }}</ref> with the definition "a person whose gender identity is nonbinary, not fitting into the male/female division (often used attributively)."<ref name="dictionary.com">{{Cite web |title=Definition of enby |author= |work=Dictionary.com |date= |access-date=19 April 2021 |url= https://www.dictionary.com/browse/enby}}</ref>
*In June, the American Medical Association (AMA) made a public statement recommending that the [[sex marker]] should be removed from the public-facing part of birth certificates. Willie Underwood III, MD said that "Assigning sex using binary variables in the public portion of the birth certificate fails to recognize the medical [[Gender spectrum|spectrum of gender identity]]."<ref name="Frellick">{{Cite web |title=Remove Sex From Public Birth Certificates, AMA Says |last=Frellick |first=Marcia |work=WebMD |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=7 August 2021 |url= https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20210616/remove-sex-from-public-birth-certificates-ama-says}}</ref>
* Also in June, the US Department of State announced that "The Department has begun moving towards adding a gender marker for non-binary, intersex, and gender non-conforming persons" for passports and Consular Reports of Birth Abroad (CRBA).<ref name="Blinken">{{Cite web |title=Proposing Changes to the Department's Policies on Gender on U.S. Passports and Consular Reports of Birth Abroad |last=Blinken |first=Antony J. |work=United States Department of State |date=30 June 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021 |url= https://www.state.gov/proposing-changes-to-the-departments-policies-on-gender-on-u-s-passports-and-consular-reports-of-birth-abroad/}}</ref> A government employee stated that the new gender marker would be available by the end of 2021.<ref name="Sanjana">{{Cite web |title=U.S. To Expand Passport Gender Markers For Nonbinary, Intersex Americans |last=Karanth |first=Sanjana |work=HuffPost |date=30 June 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021 |url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/us-passport-gender-markers-nonbinary-intersex-lgbtq_n_60dcd4f2e4b04973e5c1fea9}}</ref> In late October, an intersex and nonbinary person named [[Dana Zzyym]] was the first to receive one of these X-marked US passports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The U.S. issues the first passport with a nonbinary gender 'X' option |last=Hernandez |first=Joe |work=NPR.org |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |url= https://www.npr.org/2021/10/27/1049690803/state-department-first-passport-with-nonbinary-gender-x-option}}</ref>
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
</div>


* [[w:Timeline of LGBT history| Wikipedia: Timeline of LGBT history]]
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* [[w:History of transgenderism in the United States|Wikipedia: History of transgenderism in the United States]]
* [[w:Timeline of transgender history| Wikipedia: Timeline of transgender history]]
* [[w:History of transgender people in the United Kingdom|Wikipedia: History of transgender people in the United Kingdom]]
* [[w:History of transgender people in the United States|Wikipedia: History of transgender people in the United States]]
* [[w:Timeline of intersex history|Wikipedia: Timeline of intersex history]]
* [[w:Timeline of intersex history|Wikipedia: Timeline of intersex history]]
* [[w:Intersex in history|Wikipedia: Intersex in history]]
* [[w:Intersex in history|Wikipedia: Intersex in history]]
</div>


==References==
==Referências==
<references/>
<references/>


[[Category:Visibility]]
[[Category:Visibility]]
[[de:geschichte]]
[[de:geschichte]]

Latest revision as of 01:58, 8 October 2023

Caution icon - Noun Project 9556 white.svg
Content warning
This article mentions alguns eventos preocupantes que podem ser traumáticos para alguns leitores. Algumas citações históricas usam linguagem que agora é vista como ofensiva. If you are not comfortable with reading about this kind of topic, we suggest you take a step back.

Este artigo sobre a história de gênero não binário deve se concentrar em eventos direta ou indiretamente relacionados a pessoas com identidades de gênero. Não deve ser sobre a história LGBT em geral. No entanto, esse histórico provavelmente precisará fornecer datas para alguns eventos sobre coisas que não sejam de gênero não binário, como grandes eventos que aumentaram a visibilidade de transgêneros em geral, variação de gênero pessoas do início da história que podem ou pode não ter sido o que consideramos não binários, e as leis que dizem respeito a pessoas intersex que também podem ter um efeito sobre os direitos legais de pessoas não binárias.

Dicas[edit | edit source]

Aqui estão algumas dicas para escrever respeitosamente sobre pessoas com variações históricas de gênero cujos nomes, pronomes e identidades de gênero preferidos reais podem não ser conhecidos.

  • Nomes mortos. É desrespeitoso chamar uma pessoa transgênero pelo nome anterior ("nome morto") em vez do nome que ela escolheu para si mesma. Alguns consideram seu nome morto um segredo que não deveria ser divulgado de forma alguma. Para pessoas transgênero vivas em particular, esta história deve mostrar apenas seus nomes escolhidos, não seus nomes mortos. Nesta história, algumas pessoas transgênero históricas falecidas podem ter seus nomes de nascimento mostrados além de seus nomes escolhidos, nos casos em que não se sabe qual nome eles preferiram, ou onde de outra forma é impossível encontrar informações sobre essa pessoa, se alguém quiser para pesquisar sua história. Isso deve ser escrito na forma de "Nome Escolhido (nome de nascimento de nascença)." Se a história não tiver certeza de qual nome essa pessoa prefere seriamente, escreva-o na forma de "Nome ou Outro nome".
  • Pronomes. É desrespeitoso chamar uma pessoa por pronomes diferentes daqueles que ela pede. Algumas pessoas históricas cujos pronomes preferidos não são conhecidos devem ser referidas aqui por sem pronomes. Se isso não for possível, pronome elu/delu.
  • Palavras para o sexo de uma pessoa, atribuído e não. É desrespeitoso rotular o sexo de uma pessoa de outra forma que não seja pedido, mas nem sempre é possível fazê-lo. No caso de algumas pessoas históricas, a história registrou como elas viveram e qual gênero a que foram atribuídas no nascimento, mas não como elas preferiram rotular sua identidade de gênero. Por exemplo, não se sabe se certas pessoas históricas que foram designadas do sexo feminino no nascimento (AFAB) viveram como homens porque se identificaram como homens (eram homens transexuais) ou porque era a única maneira de ter uma carreira naquela época e lugar (e eram não conformes com o gênero mulheres cisgênero). Isso deve ser mencionado na forma mais respeitosa de, por exemplo, "homem designado ao nascer (AMAB), vivido como mulher", em vez de "realmente um homem, passado por mulher". Para outro exemplo, escrever "um médico militar descobriu que Smith era AFAB" é mais respeitoso do que dizer "um médico militar descobriu Smith era realmente uma mulher. "Para pessoas que viveram antes da palavra" transgênero "ser criada, pode ser mais adequado chamá-los de" variante de gênero "em vez de" transgênero ". Por outro lado, se tivermos informações suficientes sobre isso como uma pessoa, podemos fazer melhor com essas pessoas, descrevendo-as com a terminologia que provavelmente teriam usado para sua identidade de gênero se vivessem nos dias atuais, com nossa língua.

Eventos desejados nesta linha do tempo[edit | edit source]

Por favor, ajude a preencher este cronograma se você puder adicionar informações destes tipos: * Eventos no movimento para manter o gênero dos bebês em sigilo.

  • Eventos relativos a celebridades não binárias e pessoas históricas que declararam claramente que não eram nem mulher nem homem, ou ambos, ou andróginos, etc.
  • Percorra blogs não binários em busca de eventos históricos passados ​​e atuais.
  • Eventos que mostram que as identidades de gênero transgênero e especialmente não binárias já existiam muito antes do século XX.
  • Mudanças no uso de linguagem com gênero versus linguagem neutra.

Antiguidade[edit | edit source]

  • Na mitologia mesopotâmica, entre os primeiros registros escritos da humanidade, há referências a tipos de pessoas que não são nem homens nem mulheres. As tabuinhas sumérias e acadianas do segundo milênio AEC e 1700 AEC descrevem como os deuses criaram essas pessoas, seus papéis na sociedade e palavras para diferentes tipos delas. Entre eles estavam eunucos, mulheres que não podiam ou não tinham permissão para ter filhos, homens que vivem como mulheres, pessoas intersex, gays e outros.[1][2][3]
A palavra "sekhet" em hieróglifos egípcios antigos.[4]
  • Escritos do antigo Egito (Reino do Meio, 2000-1800 aC) diziam que havia três gêneros de humanos: homens, sekhet (sht), e mulheres, nessa ordem. Sekhet é geralmente traduzido como "eunuco", mas isso provavelmente é uma simplificação exagerada do significado dessa categoria de gênero. Uma vez que recebeu esse nível de importância, poderia ser potencialmente uma categoria inteira de variação de gênero / sexo que não se encaixa em masculino ou feminino. Os hieróglifos para sekhet incluem uma figura sentada que geralmente significa um homem. A palavra não inclui hieróglifos que se referem aos órgãos genitais de alguma forma. No mínimo, sekhet provavelmente significa homens gays cisgêneros, no sentido de não terem filhos, e não necessariamente alguém que foi castrado.[5]

Século 11[edit | edit source]

  • The Anglo-Saxon word wæpen-wifestre, or wæpned-wifestre (Anglo-Saxon, wæpen "sword," "penis," "male" (or wæpned "weaponed," "with a penis," "male") + wif woman, + estre feminine suffix, thus "woman with a weapon," "woman with a penis," or "man woman") was defined in an eleventh-century glossary (Antwerp Plantin-Moretus 32) as meaning "hermaphrodite." The counterpart of this word, wæpned-mann, simply meant "a person armed with a sword" or "male person."[6][7] Wæpen-wifestre is known to be a synonym for "scrat" (intersex).[8] Another synonym given for wæpen-wifestre is bæddel, an which also means intersex, but also feminine men, from which the word "bad" is thought to be derived, due to its use as a slur.[9] The related word bæddling was used in eleventh-century laws for men who had sex with men in a receptive role.[7] Additional meanings of wæpen-wifestre are possible. When wæpen-wifestre is read as "woman with a penis," it could describe a feminine man, a man who has sex with men, or a transgender woman. When read as "woman with a sword," it could refer to a warrior woman. When read as "man woman," it could mean not only an intersex person, but also people who transgressed the gender binary that seems to have been the rule in Anglo-Saxon England, as far as is known from limited literature from that era. From this range of meanings that the word potentially covers, it's possible that wæpen-wifestre may have been a general category for intersex, queer, and gender-variant people in Britain, during the time that was contemporary to Beowulf.

Século XVII[edit | edit source]

  • A blog post by the Merriam Webster dictionary editors says, "In the 17th century, English laws concerning inheritance sometimes referred to people who didn’t fit a gender binary using the pronoun it, which, while dehumanizing, was conceived of as being the most grammatically fit answer to gendered pronouns around then."[10] This is an example of people being considered legally outside of male and female. Editors at this wiki would appreciate more information and sources about the laws in question, their dates, and what categories of people they referred to. (Unborn children? Intersex people? People who didn't conform to gender norms?)
  • Thomas Hall, who apparently had an equal preference for the birth-name Thomasine (c.1603 – after 1629), was an English servant in colonial Virginia. Hall was raised as a girl, and then presented as a man in order to enter the military.[11] After leaving the military, Hall freely alternated between feminine and masculine attire from one day to the next, until Hall was accused of having sex with both men and women. Whether someone was legally a man or a woman would result in different punishments for that. Several physical examinations disagreed on the details of Hall's sex, and concluded that Hall had been born intersex. Previously, common law required that if a court concluded that someone was intersex, this would result in an injunction that they must live the rest of their life as strictly either male or female, whichever their anatomy resembled the most closely. In this case, the court ruled that "hee is a man and a woeman," and gave the injunction that Hall must from then on wear both masculine and feminine clothing at the same time: "goe clothed in man's apparell, only his head to bee attired in a coyfe and croscloth with an apron before him"[12][13] Intersex is not the same thing as nonbinary, and so an intersex person can identify as a man, woman, or some other gender. Hall was apparently an intersex person who did not identify strictly as a man or woman, preferred a fluid gender expression, and was then given a legal sex that was both.

Século XVIII[edit | edit source]

Um retrato do Public Universal Friend, da biografia do Friend, escrita por David Hudson em 1821.
  • "Singular they" had already been the standard gender-neutral pronoun in English for hundreds of years. However, in 1745, prescriptive grammarians began to say that it was no longer acceptable. Their reasoning was that neutral pronouns don't exist in Latin, which was thought to be a better language, so English shouldn't use them, either. They instead began to recommend using "he" as a gender-neutral pronoun.[14] This started the dispute over the problem of acceptable gender-neutral pronouns in English, which has carried on for centuries now.
  • Māhū ("no meio") nas culturas Kanaka Maoli (havaiana) e Maohi (taitiana) são terceiro gênero pessoas com papéis espirituais e sociais tradicionais dentro da cultura. A categoria de gênero māhū existia em suas culturas durante os tempos de pré-contato e ainda existe hoje. .[15] Na história pré-colonial do Havaí, os māhū eram sacerdotes e curandeiros notáveis, embora grande parte dessa história tenha sido omitida pela intervenção de missionários. A primeira descrição ocidental escrita de māhū ocorre em 1789, no diário de bordo do Capitão William Bligh do Bounty, que parou no Taiti, onde foi apresentado a um membro de uma "classe de pessoas muito comum em Otaheitie chamada Mahoo ... que embora eu fosse certo era um homem, tinha grandes marcas de efeminação sobre ele."[16]
  • O Public Universal Friend (1752 - 1819) foi uma pessoa evangelista sem gênero que viajou por todo o leste dos Estados Unidos para pregar uma teologia baseada na dos Quakers, que era ativamente contra a escravidão. Acreditava que Deus os havia reanimado de uma doença grave aos 24 anos com um novo espírito, que não tinha gênero, e recusou-se identificar-se pelo nome de nascimento,[17] even on legal documents,[18] e preferia o uso de nenhum pronome. Os seguidores respeitaram esses desejos, evitando pronomes específicos de gênero, mesmo em diários privados, e referindo-se apenas a "Public Universal Friend" ou formas curtas como "o Friend" ou "PUF".[19] Usava roupas que os contemporâneos descreveram como andróginas, que geralmente eram túnicas pretas. Os seguidores de The Friend ficaram conhecidos como Sociedade de Amigos Universais e incluíam pessoas negras e muitas mulheres solteiras que assumiam papéis masculinos em suas comunidades. [20]
  • Jens Andersson was a nonbinary person in Norway, who married a woman in 1781. It was soon discovered that Andersson had a female body, and the marriage was annulled, while Andersson was accused of sodomy. In the trial, Andersson was asked: "Are you a man or a woman?" It was recorded that the answer was that "he thinks he may be both".[1]
  • Romaine-la-Prophétesse foi líder de uma revolta de escravos em 1791-92, no início da Revolução Haitiana, que por um tempo governou grande parte do sul do Haiti, incluindo duas grandes cidades. Romaine identificou-se como profetisa, vestiu-se como mulher e falou que estava possuída por um espírito feminino, mas também foi identificada como afilhada da Virgem Maria e usou pronomes masculinos em autorreferências em cartas ditadas; Romaine foi, portanto, interpretada por estudiosos modernos como talvez gênero-fluido[21] or transgender,[21][22] ou pode ter sido bigênero.

Século XIX[edit | edit source]

We'Wha, uma pessoa Zuni de dois espíritos (Lhamana) que viveu de 1849-1896.
  • We'wha (1849–1896) was a Zuni Native American from New Mexico, and the most famous lhamana on record. In traditional Zuni culture, the lhamana take on roles and duties associated with both men and women, and they wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing. They work as mediators. As a notable fiber artist, weaver, and potter, We'wha was a prominent cultural ambassador for Native Americans in general, and the Zuni in particular. In 1886, We'wha was part of the Zuni delegation to Washington D.C.. They were hosted by anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson and, during that visit, We'wha met President Grover Cleveland. Friends and relatives alternated masculine and feminine pronouns for We'Wha. We'wha was described as being highly intelligent, having a strong character, and always being kind to children.[23][24]
A contemporary caricature of the Mapah, preaching in front of a relief with masculine signifiers on the left (pipe, sword), and feminine on the right (corset, distaff).
  • Simon Ganneau (1806 - 1851) was a sculptor and Parisian prophet. He wore a combination of feminine and masculine signifiers: a beard, a working man's blouse, and a woman's mantle. He called himself by the title "the Mapah," which was a combination of the words mater (mother) and pater (father). He created a mystical religion he called Evadaisme, meaning "Eve-Adam-ism." This taught that the next phase of human development would be androgyny, coming from the femininity of Mary-Eve marrying the masculinity of Christ-Adam. Evadaisme condemned sexist traditions, such as taking the surname of one's father and not one's mother. Though the Mapah was poor, he was well-educated, and spoke eloquently. He preached to working-class men and sex workers.[25][26] The Mapah taught Éliphas Lévi (1810 – 1875), inspiring the latter to become interested in the occult. Lévi then become the best-known occultist of the nineteenth century. Through Lévi, the occult practice of Western ceremonial magic owes much of its origins to the Mapah.[27][28]

1870s[edit | edit source]

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), que descreveu "um sexo neutro" que não era fisicamente intersexo.
  • Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895) developed a theory in which men who are attracted to men and women who are attracted to women are thus because they are members of a third sex, a mixture of both male and female, and with the psyche or essence of the "opposite" sex, even though their bodies look like cis-gender male and female bodies. The terms "homosexual," "bisexual," and "heterosexual" didn't exist yet, so he coined terms for them all. The overall phenomenon he called Uranismus (in the original German, Urningtum), gay men were uranians (German urnings), lesbians were uraniads (German urningin, as -in is the feminine suffix), whereas heterosexuals were Dionings, so bisexual men were uranodionings, and so on, all of which were distinct from zwitter (intersex). Ulrichs based this naming system on "Plato's Symposium, where two different kinds of love [...are] ruled by two different goddesses of love-- Aphrodite, daughter of Uranus, and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus and Dione. The second Aphrodite rules those who love the opposite sex." [29] Ulrichs argued that their condition was as natural and healthy as that of what we now call heterosexual people, and he started the movement fighting for their equal legal rights to express their love "between consenting adults, with the free consent of both parties," in his words from 1870, and that they should not be pathologized nor criminalized for doing so.[30]. Although Uranismus was generally addressed in terms of orientation, Ulrichs specifically described various categories of uranians in terms of their gender nonconformity and gender variance. For example, in regard to feminine gay men or queens (who he called Weiblings), Ulrichs wrote in 1879,

    "The Weibling is a total mixture of male and female, in which the female element is even predominant, a thoroughly hermaphroditically organized being. Despite his male sexual organs, he is more woman than man. He is a woman with male sexual organs. He is a neutral sex. He is a neuter. He is the hermaphrodite of the ancients."[31]

Ulrichs prossegue dizendo que a contraparte direta do Weibling entre aqueles que foram designados como mulher no nascimento é "o Mannlingin de inspiração masculina e amante de mulheres", que é igualmente variante de gênero.t.[31] Ulrichs enfatiza que o Uranismo inclui pessoas com variação de gênero, distintas daquelas que se conformam com seu gênero, e também distintas de pessoas nascidas com características intersexuais físicas. Como tal, o Uranismo incluía pessoas que hoje podem ser identificadas como não binárias.

1880s[edit | edit source]

  • The earliest known true transsexual genital conversion surgery of any kind was performed in 1882 on a trans man named Herman Karl.[32] However, "earliest transsexual genital conversion surgery" depends on one's definition. Eunuchs have been around for all of human history, and while many eunuchs consider themselves cisgender men, many others consider themselves another gender that isn't female or male, such as hijra. Some sources credit the first trans male genital conversion surgery as, instead, the one performed on a trans man named Michael Dillon in the 1930s, perhaps depending on how one defines that surgery.

1890s[edit | edit source]

Jennie June in her autobiography, posing as "A Modern Living Replica of the Ancient Greek Statue of Hermaphroditos." 1918.
  • Based on Ulrich's work in the 1870s, which were the foundation of Western notions of LGBT people for the next several decades, clinical beliefs around the time of the 1890s "conflat[ed] sex, sexual orientation, and gender expression," thinking of (to use modern words for them) gay, lesbian, transgender, and gender non-conforming people as all having some kind of intersex condition. Such people were said to have "sexual inversion," and were called "inverts."[33]. Another name used for the same category through the 1890s and 1910s was "the intermediate sex," or the "intermediates," which was not physically intersex, and was understood to be often (though not always) gender nonconforming.[34]
  • During the 1890s, Paresis Hall in New York City was a place with an active nightlife of LGBT people. In 1895, the autobiographer Jennie June formed an organization called the Cercle Hermaphroditos, along with other androgynes like June's self who frequented Paresis Hall. The purpose of the group was to "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be an invert (an LGBT person).[35] This is one of the earliest known organizations in the US for LGBT rights.[36] [37][38]

Século XX[edit | edit source]

  • In 1905, a 61-year-old person named Randolph Milbourne was arrested for publicly wearing women's clothing. Later, Milbourne stated that "While physically I am a man, yet spiritually and intellectually I am neither a man nor a woman".[39]
Em 1933, os nazistas em Berlim queimaram obras de esquerdistas e outros autores considerados "não-alemães", incluindo milhares de livros roubados da biblioteca do Instituto de Pesquisa Sexual de Hirschfeld.
  • During the 1910s, German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld created the word "transvestite," which at the time meant many more kinds of transgender and even transsexual people. Hirschfeld opened the first clinic to regularly serve them.[40] Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research had a library of literature about LGBT people, collected from all over Europe, that couldn't be found anywhere else. This started to bring about a revolution in how society understood and accepted LGBT people, and allowing children to be gender nonconforming. Then, in 1933, the Nazis destroyed it all. This set back LGBT rights for another 40 or so years. The progress wasn't matched again until at least 1990.
  • O estudioso Jennie June (nascida em 1874) se identificou como "fada", "andrógino", "homem afeminado" e "invertido", termos contemporâneos para gênero e variância sexual. Sua transição incluiu mudar seu nome completo para Jennie June, e escolher ser castrada, a fim de reduzir os pelos faciais e os desejos sexuais que a perturbavam. June publicou sua primeira autobiografia, The Autobiography of an Androgyne em 1918, e seu segundo The Female-Impersonators em 1922. Seu objetivo ao escrever seus livros era ajudar a criar um ambiente de aceitação para jovens adultos que fazem não aderir a gênero e normas sexuais, porque era isso que ela queria para si mesma, e ela queria evitar que os jovens cometessem suicídio.[41] June had formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos in 1895, along with other androgynes who frequented Paresis Hall in New York City. The organization was formed in the hopes "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be gender and sex variant.[42]

1940s[edit | edit source]

Claude Cahun.
  • Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o artista surrealista judeu Claude Cahun (que descreveu seu gênero como "neutro") Template:Cite o livro com seu parceiro de vida Marcel Moore (também um artista judeu que escolheu um nome neutro) engajado no trabalho de resistência e ativismo contra os nazistas durante o Ocupação alemã da França. Em 1944, Cahun e Moore foram presos pelos nazistas e condenados à morte, mas a sentença nunca foi executada porque a ilha foi libertada da ocupação alemã em 1945.[43]

1960s[edit | edit source]

  • Although the earliest known recorded mention of the gender-neutral title Mx was in a magazine article in 1977,[44][45] anecdotes say it was in use as far back as 1965.[46][47]

1970s[edit | edit source]

D.J. Beck, who described themself as neither male nor female in a 1978 interview published in Philadelphia Gay News.
  • During the 1970s and 1980s, feminists Casey Miller and Kate Swift were significant influences on encouraging people to take up gender inclusive language, as an alternative to sexist language that excludes or dehumanizes women. Some of their books on this are Words and Women (1976) and The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing (1980). They also encoraged the use of gender neutral pronouns.[48] Though their work doesn't directly acknowledge the existence of people outside the gender binary, it did help break down societal views of masculine-as-default, and even the extent of the gender binary in language.
  • Up until the 1970s, LGBT people of all kinds largely had a sense of being on the same side together. A major rift started in 1979, when cisgender woman Janice Raymond wrote the book Transsexual Empire, which outlined her transphobic conspiracy theory which told cisgender women to fear trans women. This started the trans-exclusionary movement. As a result, many feminist, lesbian, and women-only spaces became hostile to trans women. This dividing issue made it difficult for feminism to develop an understanding of transgender issues in general. In response, the movement of transgender studies began with an essay by trans woman Sandy Stone in 1987.[49] Today, the term TERF (Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist) means supposed feminists who discriminate against trans women.
  • A 1978 issue of Philadelphia Gay News contains an interview with someone who started a transfeminine transition, lived as a woman for a year and a a half, then ceased taking feminizing hormones. The person, going by the name D.J. Beck at the time, states in the interview that "[Our culture feels] that one must be male or one must be female. Our society demands that you cannot be both, you cannot be in between, you cannot be flexible." and "As much as I felt uncomfortable as a male, I felt unnatural as a female." The interview concludes with Beck saying, "I learned that I'm something that we haven't put a label on yet. I'm something that I think a lot of men and women will someday be able to accept and admit they are: people of a personal psyche that doesn't have to be male or female. [...] The time is coming when we will quit thinking in terms of he or she, and live in the shades of gray." [50] If Beck was alive today, they may have identified under the nonbinary/genderqueer umbrella.

1980s[edit | edit source]

  • In the 1980s, the handbook of psychiatry, the DSM-III, included "Gender Identity Disorder" to diagnose people as transsexual.[51] It frames being trans as a strictly pathological mental condition. Getting this diagnosis becomes a necessary step for many trans people to transition. Psychologists during this time believed that a legitimately trans person needed to conform very closely to the gender binary, and even needed to be heterosexual. The psychologists focused on trans women, and isolated them from one another, so they had little community. Meanwhile, trans men got less help from that system, and so they largely left it and formed their own communities.[52]
  • In the 1980s and 1990s, Michael Spivak used a set of gender-neutral "E, Emself" pronouns in his math books, in order to avoid indicating a person's gender. The same or similar pronoun had been coined independently by others in prior years. Due to how Spivak popularized these particular pronouns, these soon became known as "spivak pronouns" when they were built into a place where people talked together on the Internet.[53]

1990s[edit | edit source]

  • In 1990, the Native American/First Nations gay and lesbian conference chose Two-Spirit as a better English umbrella term for some gender identities unique to Native American cultures, many of which can be considered as outside of the Western gender binary.[54]
  • The 1990 Bisexual Manifesto published in bi zine "Anything That Moves" shows explicit support of nonbinary gender by stating "Do not assume that bisexuality is binary or duogamous in nature: that we have 'two' sides or that we must be involved simultaneously with both genders to be fulfilled human beings. In fact, don’t assume that there are only two genders."[55]
  • The term "Gender Queer" was defined in a 1990 book titled The Welcoming Congregation Handbook as "A person whose understanding of her/hir/his gender identification transcends society's polarized gender system"[56]; it can be surmised that the term "gender queer" was likely in use even before this publication recorded it.
  • In 1994, Kate Bornstein, who currently identifies as nonbinary,[57] published the book Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us, about her experience as a transgender person identifying outside of the gender binary.
  • In 1998, an article from a transgender community on the Internet, Sphere, used the words "queergendered" and "polygendered" interchangeably as umbrella terms for everyone whose gender was outside the gender binary, specifying that these included people who were "bi-gendered, non-gendered, or third-gendered," explaining that some faced difficulty in seeking a gender-ambiguous physical transition.[59]
  • No final dos anos 1990, as pessoas no Japão que não se identificavam como homem nem mulher começaram a se autodenominar gênero X.

Século XXI[edit | edit source]

Uma hijra paquistanesa em um protesto entre dois grupos hijra de Islamabad e Rawalpindi. 2008

2000s[edit | edit source]

  • Intersex Australian Alex MacFarlane believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an "X" sex marker. Australia began to let people mark their gender as "X" on their birth certificates and passports.[60][61]
  • In 2009, India began to allow voters outside the gender binary to "register their gender as 'other' on ballots submitted to the Election Commission."[62]

2010s[edit | edit source]

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2010[edit | edit source]

  • In August, a user on the Asexual Visibility and Education Network forums took the "demi-" from "demiromantic" and came up with the term "demiguy".[63] This concept would eventually catch on and broaden into an array of demigender labels.
  • In December, the US state of Arkansas enacted a policy allowing gender on drivers' licenses and state ID cards to be changed to M, F, or X with "no questions asked, no documentation required". However, this policy received very little attention until 2018.[64]

2011[edit | edit source]

  • In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other".[65][66]

2012[edit | edit source]

Primeira parada do orgulho gay de gênero da Ásia em Madurai, 2012.

2013[edit | edit source]

  • A newer version of the handbook of psychiatry, the DSM-5, replaces the "gender identity disorder" diagnosis with "gender dysphoria," to lessen the pathologization of transgender people.[67]
  • In September 2013, a nonbinary tumblr user by the handle "revolutionator" coins the term "enby" as a short for "nonbinary person" or "NB".[68]
  • On November 4, 2013 in the US, 18-year-old Sasha Fleischman was assaulted for wearing gender nonconforming clothing. Sasha identifies as genderqueer and agender, and goes by "they" pronouns. When they had fallen asleep on a public bus, a stranger lit Sasha's skirt on fire. Sasha survived, suffering second and third degree burns. In the following weeks, allies showed support by marching along that bus route, tying rainbow ribbons to poles, and writing letters. Several schools sponsored skirt-wearing days. The assailant was sentenced to seven years in juvenile detention.[69] The nonfiction book The 57 Bus explores the incident in detail.[70]

2014[edit | edit source]

Manifestantes do orgulho de dois espíritos no Orgulho de São Francisco de 2014.
  • A Suprema Corte da Índia decidiu a favor dos direitos e reconhecimento legal de "índios que não se identificam como homem nem mulher, ou aqueles que se identificam como mulheres transexuais, conhecidos como hijra".[62]
  • O site de rede social Facebook começou a permitir que os usuários escolhessem entre 50 opções de gênero.
  • A comunidade transgênero no site de rede social Tumblr criou centenas de pronomes.

2015[edit | edit source]

  • Nepal began to allow X gender passports.[71]
  • Singer, songwriter, and actor Miley Cyrus explained she didn't relate to being a girl or a boy.[76]
  • The Washington Post style guide was updated to allow use of singular they, with Post copy editor Bill Walsh saying:
« What finally pushed me from acceptance to action on gender-neutral pronouns was the increasing visibility of gender-neutral people. The Post has run at least one profile of a person who identifies as neither male nor female and specifically requests they and the like instead of he or she. Trans and genderqueer awareness will raise difficult questions down the road, with some people requesting newly invented or even individually made-up pronouns. [...] But simply allowing they for a gender-nonconforming person is a no-brainer. And once we've done that, why not allow it for the most awkward of those he or she situations that have troubled us for so many years?[77] »

2016[edit | edit source]

  • On January 8, the American Dialect Society voted singular they as Word of the Year for 2015, with ADS member Ben Zimmer stating "In the past year, new expressions of gender identity have generated a deal of discussion, and singular they has become a particularly significant element of that conversation. While many novel gender-neutral pronouns have been proposed, they has the advantage of already being part of the language." Singular "they" also won in the Most Useful category, beating out other contenders including "mic drop", "microaggression", and "shade" by a wide margin.[78]
  • In the USA, the states of Oregon and then California began to allow for a nonbinary legal gender, though getting this recognized on identity documents (driver's licenses and passports) is another matter. California began to allow nonbinary driver's licenses.[79]
  • In April, Merriam-Webster added cisgender, genderqueer, and Mx. to its unabridged dictionary.[80]
  • On the 2016 Australian Census, for the first time people could identify themselves as "male", "female", or "other". 1300 people selected "other".[81]

2017[edit | edit source]

  • In the USA, California passed the 2017 Gender Recognition Act "to ensure that intersex, transgender, and nonbinary people have state-issued identification documents that provide full legal recognition of their accurate gender identity."[82][83]
  • In June 2017, USA's District of Colombia began to offer nonbinary driver's licenses and identification cards.[84] Activist Shige Sakurai was the first to receive one of these "X"-marked licenses.[85] Soon after, the state of Oregon also began to issue gender-neutral IDs.[84]
  • The country of Malta began to offer "X" gender markers on passports and other documents.[86]
  • Popular musician Sam Smith came out stating in an interview that "I don't know what the title would be but I feel just as much woman as I am man." [87]
  • In Germany, a person petitioned the registry office to change the gender on their birth record from "female" to "diverse". In regard to this case, the German Constitutional Court made a judgement suggesting "waiving the mandatory entry of gender in registries, or offering a different option besides male or female", reasoning that "denial of recognition of a non-binary gender identity does endanger the constitutionally protected free personality development."[88]

2018[edit | edit source]

  • In January, Washington state began to allow "X" gender markers on official documents[89], with the law stating that
« "X" means a gender that is not exclusively male or female, including, but not limited to, intersex, agender, amalgagender, androgynous, bigender, demigender, female-to-male, genderfluid, genderqueer, male-to-female, neutrois, nonbinary, pangender, third sex, transgender, transsexual, Two Spirit, and unspecified.[90] »
  • In July, well-known creator Rebecca Sugar came out as a nonbinary woman.
  • In September, Merriam-Webster Dictionary added the gender-inclusive term "Latinx".[91]
  • In October, the first International Pronouns Day took place with participation in 25 countries.
  • In October, New York City passed a law (taking effect January 1, 2019) allowing "X" gender markers on birth certificates, and allows the marker to be changed without medical documentation.[92]
  • In October, the Netherlands issued its first-ever passport with "X" gender designation. This was done for 57-year-old Leonne Zeegers.[93]
  • Washington, D.C. public schools began to offer "nonbinary" as a gender option on school enrollment forms.[94]

2019[edit | edit source]

  • In the USA in February, Kirsten Gillibrand, one of the many Democratic candidates for president, said she endorses the availability of "X" gender markers for nonbinary people.[95]
  • In March, nonbinary person Finley Norris became the first person in the state of Indiana, USA to receive a driver's license with an "X" gender marker.[85]
  • Google released 53 new emoji variations with specifically gender neutral appearance.[96]
  • In November, Massachusetts began allowing an X as a nonbinary gender marker on Driver's Licenses and State IDs. [97]
  • Merriam-Webster declared "they" as the top Word of the Year.[98]
  • Collins Dictionary added the word "non-binary".[99]
  • "Genderqueer", "agender", "cisgender", "misgender", "transphobia", and "ze" are added to the international Scrabble dictionary.[100]
  • Canada's 2019 Census Test (in preparation for the 2021 Census) now includes separate questions about sex at birth and gender, and also allows nonbinary gender answers.[101]
  • The American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide was updated to endorse the use of singular they: "Writers should use the singular 'they' in two main cases: (a) when referring to a generic person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context and (b) when referring to a specific, known person who uses 'they' as their pronoun."[102]

2020s[edit | edit source]

2020[edit | edit source]

  • In January, American presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren promised that if she is elected, she will have "at least 50% of Cabinet positions filled by women and non binary people."[103][104]
  • In February, it was announced that Nepal's 2021 census would have a third gender option.[105]
  • On February 25, Ro Khanna, a Democratic member of the USA House of Representatives, proposed the Gender Inclusive Passport Act, which would add an "X" option to USA passports.[106]
  • Marvel Comics' series The New Warriors introduced a nonbinary superhero named "Snowflake", and received widespread backlash.[107]
  • In the USA, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam signed Senate Bill 246 on March 31, allowing for driver's license applicants to mark “male,” “female” or “non-binary” when designating their sex. The bill went into effect July 1.[108]
  • In July, a nonbinary New Yorker sued the state in pursuit of an "X" gender marker on their driver's license. New York currently only allows "M" or "F" gender markers on licenses.[109][110]
  • The 2020 USA Census made headlines for lack of a nonbinary gender option.[111][112]
  • In August 2020, the well-known videogame journalist and internet personality Jim Sterling came out as nonbinary.[113]
  • In the November 3rd elections, Mauree Turner was elected to the Oklahoma state legislature, making them the first out nonbinary person elected to any USA state legislature.[114]
  • In the US state of North Carolina, December 6 was formally recognized by the legislature as Gender Expansive Parents' Day.[115]

2021[edit | edit source]

  • Early in January, in Iceland, private businesses and government offices alike began to offer "male, female, nonbinary, other, and the option to decline to answer" regarding gender registrations. This was the taking effect of a gender determination law that was passed in June 2019.[116]
  • In April, Dictionary.com officially added the word "enby"[117] with the definition "a person whose gender identity is nonbinary, not fitting into the male/female division (often used attributively)."[118]
  • In June, the American Medical Association (AMA) made a public statement recommending that the sex marker should be removed from the public-facing part of birth certificates. Willie Underwood III, MD said that "Assigning sex using binary variables in the public portion of the birth certificate fails to recognize the medical spectrum of gender identity."[119]
  • Also in June, the US Department of State announced that "The Department has begun moving towards adding a gender marker for non-binary, intersex, and gender non-conforming persons" for passports and Consular Reports of Birth Abroad (CRBA).[120] A government employee stated that the new gender marker would be available by the end of 2021.[121] In late October, an intersex and nonbinary person named Dana Zzyym was the first to receive one of these X-marked US passports.[122]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

Referências[edit | edit source]

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  2. Nissinen, Martti (1998). Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, Translated by Kirsi Stjedna. Fortress Press (November 1998) p. 30. ISBN|0-8006-2985-X
    See also: Maul, S. M. (1992). Kurgarrû und assinnu und ihr Stand in der babylonischen Gesellschaft. Pp. 159–71 in Aussenseiter und Randgruppen. Konstanze Althistorische Vorträge und Forschungern 32. Edited by V. Haas. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag.
  3. Leick, Gwendolyn (1994). Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature. Routledge. New York.
  4. Mark Brustman. "The Third Gender in Ancient Egypt." "Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library. 1999. https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/egypt.htm
  5. Sethe, Kurt, (1926), Die Aechtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des mittleren Reiches, in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1926, p. 61.
  6. Dana Oswald, Monsters, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval English Literature. Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 2010. p. 93.
  7. 7.0 7.1 David Clark. Between medieval men: Male friendship and desire in early medieval English literature. Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 63-65.
  8. Catholicon Anglicum: An English-Latin Word-book, dated 1483, volume 30. Accessed via Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=I7wKAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22W%C3%A6pen-wifestre%22&pg=PA325#v=onepage&q=%22W%C3%A6pen-wifestre%22&f=false
  9. "bad (adj.)" Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/bad
  10. “Words We’re Watching: Singular 'They:' Though singular 'they' is old, 'they' as a nonbinary pronoun is new—and useful.” Merriam Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/singular-nonbinary-they Captured November 2017.
  11. Norton, Mary Beth, "Communal Definitions of Gendered Identity in Colonial America", Ronald Hoffman, Mechal Sobel, Fredrika J. Teute (eds) Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America (University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 40ff.
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